According to the official website of the Alzheimer’s Disease Association of China, there are about 15 million dementia patients in the elderly aged 60 and over in China, of which 10 million are Alzheimer’s patients. With the aging of China’s structural population, this data will continue to rise. At present, according to the logic of modern medicine to find therapeutic targets, there is no effective treatment for Alzheimer’s disease. There are many limitations in drug treatment, and surgery is powerless. In this regard, we have to rethink the traditional systematic, holistic and functional point of view, and take corresponding treatment strategies for the leading factors behind Alzheimer’s disease. In recent years, research on photobiomodulation (PBM) in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases has gradually increased. More and more scholars have tried to use non-invasive PBM to delay, inhibit, and even reverse neurodegenerative diseases. In the treatment of neurological diseases, PBM, as a new treatment method, has significant advantages such as non-invasive, no side effects, regulation of oxygen free radical concentration, activation of stem cells to regulate cell transcription, stimulation of neurotransmitter secretion, and stimulation of synapse and neuron growth. These advantages are unmatched by other treatments. This paper reviews the targets of modern medicine for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease, explains the mechanism of PBM in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease, and systematically summarizes the progress of PBM in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease from animal models, clinical trials, pathology and cell models, and looks forward to the future development, aiming to provide reference for exploring new clinical intervention measures for Alzheimer’s disease and developing advanced treatment methods and medical devices.