In order to improve the working performance and mechanical properties of coal-based solid waste filling materials, the effects of different working pressure values and stirring time on the working performance and mechanical properties of fully solid waste filling materials (abbreviated as filling material) were studied in this paper. The microscopic characteristics of filling materials under excitation stirring process were discussed by XRD and SEM. The results indicate that the performance of the filling material initially improves and then decreases with the increase of the working pressure value. When the optimal working pressure value is 0.4 MPa, the slump of the filling material prepared by excitation stirring is 30 mm higher than that prepared by ordinary stirring, and the compressive strength at 28 d is increased by 24.1%. As the mixing time is extended, the growth rate of the slump of the filling material gradually slows down. The compressive strength reaches the best performance when the filling material is subjected to 60 s of excitation dry stirring followed by 45 s of excitation wet stirring. The excitation stirring time during the wet stirring stage has a more significant impact on the performance of the filling material. Adding a standing time during the stirring process leads to some deterioration in the overall performance of the filling material, but it can still meet the construction requirements. Excitation stirring process can enhance the early hydration degree of the filling material, strengthen the bonding between the cementitious materials and aggregates, and improve the density of hydration products, thereby enhancing the macro-mechanical properties of the filling material.