The change of temperature can affect the electrical properties of liquid crystal (LC) materials. In order to further explore the electrical properties of LC materials at low temperature, firstly, the thicknesses of the LC cells and the polymide (PI) alignment layers were measured by UV spectrophotometer and surface profiler respectively. Then, a precision hot stage and a self-made refrigeration device based on the working principle of thermoelectric refrigeration were used to control the temperature of the LC cell, and the precision LCR meter which was calibrated was applied to measure the capacitance-voltage (C-U) curve of LC cell at low and normal temperatures. The C-U curve of LC layer could be obtained by using the capacitance model of LC cell, and based on this curve and dual-cell model, the effects of temperature on dielectric anisotropy and elastic constant of four kinds of LCs were obtained. The experimental results show that the dielectric anisotropy of the LC with positive dielectric anisotropy increases from 10.0 to 20.0, and the elastic constant k11 decreases from 17.0 pN to 7.0 pN, and k33 decreases from 31.0 pN to 15.0 pN. The dielectric anisotropy of the LC with negative dielectric anisotropy increases from -8.5 to -3.0, decreases from 21.0 pN to 11.0 pN for k11, and from 31.0 pN to 12.0 pN for k33. The dielectric anisotropy and elastic constant k11 and k33 of the LC with positive dielectric anisotropy decrease with the increase of the temperature, and increase and decrease respectively with increasing temperature for the LC with negative dielectric anisotropy. This conclusion is of great significance for exploring the methods to improve the performance of liquid crystal display at low temperature.