Cultivated land resilience is a core capacity for ensuring food security and sustainable land use. Assessing its spatiotemporal evolution and obstacle factors is crucial for regional agricultural green transition. This study comprehensively employs the catastrophe progression model and TOPSIS model to analyze the spatio-temporal differentiation characteristics of cultivated land resilience across 111 counties in Guangxi from 2010 to 2021. Additionally, an obstacle factor diagnosis model is applied to identify major obstacle types, classify “resilience + obstacle” combinations, and propose differentiated improvement strategies. The results show that: ① Guangxi's cultivated land resilience scores between 0.67 and 0.70, indicating a moderate overall level. ② Spatial patterns exhibit an east-high, west-low gradient with notable regional imbalances. ③ Thirteen “resilience-obstacle” types were identified, with insufficient ecological buffering capacity being the most prevalent. Eight differentiated improvement strategies were proposed to support agricultural green transition in Guangxi and provide methodological insights for resilience studies in karst regions.