To investigate the effects of irradiation on inulin extraction and the antioxidant activities of Taraxacum kok-saghyz Rodin (TKS) roots in this study, high-energy electron-beam irradiation was performed to treat dried TKS root powder. Subsequently, its physical structure, the inulin content of its aqueous extracts, and its antioxidant activities at different absorbed doses (0 kGy, 10 kGy, 30 kGy, and 50 kGy) were analyzed. The results showed that compared with the control group, the irradiation groups exhibited uneven distributions of surface tissue characterized by holes, cracks, and fragments; an increase in the absorption intensity of characteristic peaks in the infrared spectrum; and a decrease in the intensity of diffraction peaks in the X-ray diffraction spectrum. The inulin contents in the aqueous extracts of the irradiation groups increased significantly, with the most significant increase observed in the 30 kGy irradiation group, i.e., 19.27% higher than that of the control group. Following electron-beam irradiation, the 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) radical-scavenging abilities as well as the ferric-reduction ability of the aqueous extracts enhanced significantly (p<0.05). At an assay concentration of 20 mg/mL, the DPPH and ABTS radical-scavenging abilities and the ferric-reduction ability of the 50 kGy irradiation group increased by 89.12%, 9.13%, and 224.41%,respectively, compared with those of the control group. In summary, treatment with electron-beam irradiation significantly enhances the inulin content and antioxidant activities of aqueous extracts of dried TKS root powder at absorbed doses of 10-50 kGy. This study provides a theoretical reference for the application of electron-beam irradiation for the efficient extraction and comprehensive utilization of inulin from TKS.