In order to explore the connection mechanism of 7075 aluminium alloy and CFRTP in the laser welding process, and study the influence of different process parameters on the welding quality, the finite element simulation analysis of temperature field distribution of 7075 aluminium alloy/CFRTP laser high-speed rotary welding was carried out in this paper. The mathematical model and finite element model of aluminium alloy/CFRTP laser high-speed rotary welding were established. The temperature field in the welding process was simulated and analyzed by using finite element software, and the influence of laser power, welding speed, and spot radius on the weld width and penetration was studied. At the same time, an aluminium alloy/CFRTP laser high-speed rotary welding experiment was carried out and compared with the numerical simulation results. The results showed that the finite element model can effectively predict the temperature distribution of the joint during welding. Laser power, welding speed, spot radius, and other process parameters have an important impact on the weld width and penetration. The theoretical simulation results are basically consistent with the experimental results, and the finite element simulation can provide theoretical guidance for achieving high-quality welding between aluminium alloy and CFRTP.