This study investigated the influence of laser peening impact on the strength and corrosion resistance of 6005A-T6 aluminum alloy. The results indicated that under laser peening impact, a hardened layer formed on the surface of the alloy, causing the grains to transition from coarse elongated structures to fine elongated structures. Three impact passes reduced the average equivalent circle diameter from 19.2 μm to 16.8 μm, decreased the volume fraction of low-angle grain boundaries, and increased dislocation density. The treatment also fragmented coarse second-phase particles, which effectively pinned dislocations and promoted further grain refinement. These dual effects contributed to the enhancement of both the strength and corrosion resistance of the aluminum alloy after laser peening treatment: after 3 impacts, the yield strength increased from 173 MPa to 231 MPa, representing a 33% development, while the corrosion current density decreased from 1.59×10^-6 A/cm² to 6.75×10^-9 A/cm².