As a new type of shear connector in composite beams, bolts can improve the degree of structural assembly and avoid welding defects. In this paper, static and fatigue tests were carried out on 13 groups specimens. The evolution of friction performance of steel-concrete composite interface through bolted joints under fatigue loading was explored. The static friction bearing capacity of steel-concrete composite interface and the relative slip, shear stiffness, bolt preload and friction coefficient after wear under cyclic load were obtained. The results show that there is no fatigue failure of the friction shear connection after 2 million cycles. The pre-tightening force of the bolt continues to decay during the cycle and is positively correlated with the peak load, with a loss of about 8.38%. The friction coefficient of interface after wear decreases to the lowest value of 0.486 after 100 000 cycles, but it continues to increase and even exceeds the initial static friction coefficient. Due to the change of occlusion shear and the migration of abrasive particles, the depth of wear marks increases first and then decreases, which explains the evolution mechanism of fatigue of friction performance of concrete interface at the micro scale. The research results provide some reference for the design of friction bolt shear connectors.