Biological aerosols can reproduce and cause large-scale diseases in humans, animals, and plants. Therefore, the research on remote warning and real-time detection technology of biological aerosols is significant. Based on ultraviolet laser-induced fluorescence spectrum technology, the application of enhanced photoelectric coupling detector (ICCD) and multi-anode photomultiplier tube detector (MAPMT) in fluorescence spectrum lidar of biological aerosols are elaborated in detail. Furthermore, the signal-to-noise ratio, concentration resolution, and relative deviation of the fluorescence spectrum lidar system composed of ICCD and MAPMT detectors for measuring biological aerosols were studied through numerical simulation. Results showed that when the laser working pulse was 600 during the day, dusk, and night, (1) the systems signal-to-noise ratio was greater than 10. The concentration of biological aerosols is 108 bacteria·L-1, and the detection distances of the fluorescence spectrum lidar system composed of ICCD detectors are 1.1, 3.3 and 3.4 km, respectively. In contrast, the detection distances of MAPMT detectors are 1.3, 8.5 and 11.2 km, respectively. (2) Within a range of 1.0 km, the minimum detection concentrations that the ICCD detector can achieve are 3 081 210, 120 223 and 66 768 bacteria·L-1, while the minimum detection concentrations that MAPMT detectors can achieve are 1 950 637, 71 146 and 37 723 bacteria·L-1. (3) When the detection error is less than 10% and 1%, the relative deviations of the fluorescence spectrum lidar in measuring the concentration of biological aerosols are 33.9%, 37.8% and 40.2% for ICCD detectors, while 37.2%, 42.5% and 46.5% for MAPMT detectors.