［Objective］To address the damage to wheel treads, brake shoes, and the thermal cracks caused by frequent braking and sharp temperature rises in friction pairs of urban rail transit trains in operation, it is necessary to establish an accurate temperature rise model to investigate the evolution law of temperature fields under different braking conditions.［Method］A three-dimensional transient temperature rise simulation model considering the contact thermal conductivity coefficient of the wheel-brake shoe pair is developed based on heat conduction theory. The ABAQUS finite element software is employed to numerically simulate the temperature field of the friction pair. During the model construction, key factors such as contact thermal conductivity coefficients, material thermophysical parameters, and convective heat transfer coefficients are comprehensively taken into account, and the grid independence verification ensures computational accuracy. Working conditions for a train load are set to AW3 full capacity (abnormal weight), the initial operating speed to 80 km/h, and the braking deceleration to 1.2 m/s². The temperature variation of the wheel-brake shoe friction pair is analyzed through simulation under conditions of a single emergency braking and three consecutive emergency brakings.［Result & Conclusion］Under the single emergency braking working condition, the surface temperature difference of the brake shoes considering and neglecting the contact thermal conductivity coefficient is 71.17 ℃; axial temperatures of the brake shoes are concentrated in its central region, while radial temperatures are primarily distributed on brake shoe surface with significant temperature gradients. Under the three consecutive emergency braking events, the brake shoe simulated temperatures are 217.40 ℃, 245.78 ℃, and 270.70 ℃, respectively; compared with experimentally measured temperatures, the maximum error between them is 3%.