Aerosol deposition and diffusion mainly study the motion state, concentration migration and surface deposition process of aerosol particles in the atmosphere. The physical parameters mainly include the deposition flux, deposition velocity, concentration distribution and diffusion velocity of aerosol particles. Relevant research can provide a scientific basis for the optimization of aerosol generation and the evaluation and prediction of extinction effects. In this paper, three major methods for the generation of aerosols were summarized, the mechanism of aerosol particles settling and diffusing in the atmosphere was analysed, and the calculation, simulation and experimental measurement methods of aerosol settling and diffusing characteristic parameters were expounded. In view of the challenges in the study of aerosol deposition and diffusion, perspectives on future theoretical analyses, numerical simulations, experimental research and comprehensive applications are provided.