In order to study the effect of freeze-thaw cycle on the fatigue resistance of rubber concrete, rubber particles with a particle size of 30 mesh (0.55 mm) were selected to replace sand in equal volume to prepare rubber concrete. After different freeze-thaw cycles of ordinary concrete specimens and rubber concrete specimens, a constant amplitude uniaxial compression fatigue test was carried out to analyze the fatigue deformation characteristics of specimens, and the fatigue life equation and fatigue damage model considering failure probability were established. The results show that the maximum strain of rubber concrete is about 500 με higher than that of ordinary concrete under non-freeze-thaw state. With the increase of freeze-thaw cycles, the ductility characteristics are weakened. Adding rubber particles can improve the ductility of concrete fatigue failure. The fatigue life of rubber concrete under freeze-thaw cycle action obeys lognormal distribution. The ultimate fatigue strength of rubber concrete is about 9.8% higher than that of ordinary concrete, and the critical damage of rubber concrete is about 37% lower than that of ordinary concrete. Under the action of freeze-thaw cycle, the incorporation of rubber particles greatly improves the fatigue resistance of concrete.