This study utilizes laser alloying technology to develop MoSi2 composite layers enhanced with Al and Nb elements on a Cr12 substrate. Utilizing OM, SEM, EDS, and XRD, the research investigates the influence of multi-component addition of Al and Nb elements on the low-temperature oxidation characteristics of MoSi2 composite layers. The resulting microstructure of the laser-alloyed MoSi2 layer reveals a sequence from the surface layer of equiaxed crystals, dendrites, columnar crystals, and cellular crystals. Incorporation of Al and Nb elements displays an enhancement in the oxidation resistance of the MoSi2 composite layer. Even after exposure to 550 ℃ air for 24 days, the alloy layer shows no signs of decomposition into powder. The surface oxidation products lack MoO3 phase, and the weight increase in the oxidized layer is attributed to Fe and Al oxidation reactions. The protective mechanism of Al2O3 and the compactness of the alloy layer effectively inhibit the low-temperature pesting of MoSi2.