As an important river in Zhengding County, the water pollution situation of Hutuo River affects economic and social development and people′s quality of life. Therefore, it is particularly important to monitor the water pollution situation efficiently. Based on Sentinel-2 satellite imagery, a remote sensing inversion model of major water pollutants was constructed by integrating three indicators: chlorophyll-a concentration, suspended matter concentration, and water transparency. The spatial autocorrelation model was used to conduct dynamic remote sensing monitoring of water pollution in the Hutuo River in Zhengding County, Shijiazhuang City. The research results show that during the period from 2019 to 2023, the chlorophyll-a concentration gradually decreased, among which the chlorophyll-a concentration in the upper reaches is the highest in 2019; the area with high suspended matter concentration gradually shifted from the upper reaches to the lower reaches; the water transparency generally showed a trend of first rising and then falling; the degree of water pollution changed from upstream pollution agglomeration to mid- and lower reaches pollution agglomeration; the spatial agglomeration degree of Hutuo River in Zhengding County first decreased and then increased, and the number of high-high agglomeration types continued to decrease, showing a significant spatial negative correlation. By selecting high-precision satellite data and integrating key water pollution indicators, the water pollution status of the Hutuo River is dynamically monitored, revealing the spatial cluster distribution characteristics of water pollution and providing a scientific basis for local water environment protection and governance.