Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) is a kind bacterial of human pathogen, which could cause primary atypical pneumonia in the worldwide, as well know. According its bacteria size and genome size, MP could be defined as a smaller pathogenic bacteria, which caused both upper and lower human respiratory infections. The patients infected MP are also accompanied by various extra-pulmonary infections and other different severe comorbidites. If they are infected by drug-resistant strains or multi-drug resistant strains, they are suffered from higher risk. This review systematically reviewed and analyzed the pathogenic mechanism of MP, the progress on its diagnosis, treatment and vaccine studies, which could provide some basic knowledge of its control, prevention and treatment.