With the reduction of the scales in life system for human observation, many novel quantum phenomena have been gradually discovered and studied. However, the dynamic process of quantum phenomena at the microscopicscale often takes place in the time scale from femtosecond to picosecond, while conventional detection methods cannot achieve an effective observation. Based on the theory of quantum mechanics, single molecule coherent modulation microscopic imaging technology makes it possible to observe the quantum phenomena of microscopic organisms by combining ultrafast optics and microscopy. In this review, we first introduce the basic principle of single molecule coherent modulation microscopy imaging technology, which achieves the control of single molecule quantum coherent state by femtosecond laser pulse, and obtains coherent information around single molecule by modem technology. Then, two applications in biology are introduced respectively: (1) The contrast ofbiological imaging can be improved by two orders of magnitude by reducing the self-fluorescence and background noise of biology; (2) the quantum information around single molecule can be obtained by extracting the coherent visibility V, which provides an effective means for the observation of biological microenvironment. Finally, this paper prospects the early diagnosis of cancer based on single molecule coherent modulation microscopy, which will provide a new way for the early diagnosis and prognosis evaluation of cancer.