The detection of signal characteristics plays a key role in target identification, distance measurement and velocity estimation, so the detection model of laser pulse echo signal characteristics is designed to improve the detection effect of echo signal characteristics. The transient radiation transmission model of laser pulse echo signal is constructed by Monte Carlo method. The transient radiation transmission model is solved by Duhame superposition theorem, and the peak power of laser pulse is obtained. According to the convolution transfer relationship between laser pulse emission and target reflection, the laser pulse echo power is obtained. By using echo power and peak power, the target echo signal ratio and scattered noise ratio are obtained, which can be used to describe the change of laser pulse echo signal characteristics and complete the detection of laser pulse echo signal characteristics. The experimental results show that the model can effectively calculate the laser pulse peak power and echo power. In different bands, the model can effectively detect the characteristics of laser pulse echo signal. The larger the band, the smaller the target echo signal ratio, indicating that the band has an effect on the energy attenuation characteristics of laser pulse echo signal. The time domain distribution of target echo signal ratio is exactly the same in different bands, indicating that the band has no influence on the time broadening characteristics of laser pulse echo signal.