To enhance the mechanical performance of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) under dynamic loading, this study systematically investigates the synergistic effects of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) fiber reinforcement and recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) replacement on the dynamic mechanical performance of RAC through split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) impact compression tests. Thirty-six specimen groups with varying PVA fiber dosages (0%, 0.1%, 0.3%) and RCA replacement ratios (30%, 40%, 50%) were designed to elucidate the damage mechanisms and enhancement mechanisms of PVA fiber-reinforced recycled aggregate concrete (PVA-RAC) under impact loading, utilizing comprehensive analyses of dynamic stress-strain curves, failure patterns, and dynamic increase factors (DIF). The results demonstrate that PVA fibers significantly suppress crack propagation via bridging effects, thereby altering the material's failure mode from brittle fragmentation to ductile cracking. Both dynamic peak stress and DIF exhibit substantial improvements with increasing fiber content and strain rate. While higher RCA replacement ratios (40%~50%) diminish compressive strength due to the inherent porosity of RCA, their heterogeneous interfacial properties promote energy dissipation through complex crack propagation paths, thereby partially mitigating strength losses. This study establishes a theoretical framework for the dynamic design and application of PVA-RAC in seismic-resistant protective structures. Furthermore, it pioneers a synergistic approach to integrating construction waste recycling with the development of high-performance recycled building materials. The findings have both theoretical innovation and practical engineering significance.