Herein, a cubic-vortex phase mask (CVPM) coding imaging system is proposed to solve the problem of the relatively weak laser blinding protection capability of the cubic phase mask (CPM) and vortex phase mask (VPM) coding imaging systems over 1 km. The imaging quality and laser protection performance of the proposed CVPM coding imaging system are quantitatively analyzed via numerical simulations. Combined with the Wiener filter decoding algorithm, the CVPM coding imaging system can image clearly, with its imaging quality being close to those of the CPM and VPM coding imaging systems. Furthermore, a blinding laser is modulated using the CVPM, and the light spot on the photodetector surface has a butterfly-shaped distribution, enabling the CVPM to exhibit stronger power dispersion than the CPM and VPM coding imaging systems. When the laser source is more than 10 km away from the CVPM coding imaging system, the power density suppression ratio remains at ~33, which is about more than twice as those of the CPM and VPM coding imaging systems. Results show that the CVPM coding imaging system exhibits excellent long-distance laser blinding protection performance under the premise of ensuring the imaging quality. Therefore, the proposed CVPM coding imaging system can be applied to the laser blinding protection scene of aerospace and aviation optical reconnaissance.