The concept of phase singularities (PSs) is defined to describe a phenomenon that exhibits zero reflection/transmission (also referred to as the darkness point) of light accompanied by a rigorous Heaviside π-phase jump in an optical system
Opto-Electronic Advances, Volume. 8, Issue 3, 240091-1(2025)
Double topological phase singularities in highly absorbing ultra-thin film structures for ultrasensitive humidity sensing
Phase singularities (PSs) in topological darkness-based sensors have received significant attention in optical sensing due to their rapid, ultra-sensitive, and label-free detection capabilities. Here, we present both experimental and theoretical investigations of an ultrasensitive and multiplexed phase-sensitive sensor utilizing dual topological PSs in the visible and near-infrared regions. This sensor uses a simple structure, which consists of an ultra-thin highly absorbing film deposited on a metal substrate. We demonstrate the achievement of dual-polarization darkness points for s- and p-polarizations at different incident angles. Furthermore, we theoretically explain the double topological PSs accompanied by a perfect ±π-jump near a zero-reflection point, based on the temporal coupled-mode formalism. To validate its multifunctional capabilities, humidity sensing tests were carried out. The results demonstrate that the sensor has a detection limit reaching the level of 0.12 ‰. These findings go beyond the scope of conventional interference optical coatings and highlight the potential applications of this technology in gas sensing and biosensing domains.
Introduction
The concept of phase singularities (PSs) is defined to describe a phenomenon that exhibits zero reflection/transmission (also referred to as the darkness point) of light accompanied by a rigorous Heaviside π-phase jump in an optical system
In contrast to single topological PS systems capable of detecting only one target at a time, double topological PSs have the potential to simultaneously differentiate multiple targets. This capability arises from their ability to be designed to match the vibrational modes of distinct sensing targets
In this study, we present a novel, cost-effective, lithography-free, ultrasensitive, and multiplexed phase-sensitive sensor architecture. The sensor comprises an ultra-thin (h << λ/4n) highly absorbing dielectric layer of germanium (Ge) layer deposited on a silver (Ag) film. The experiment demonstrates the emergence of topological PS for both p- and s-polarization darkness across visible and near-infrared frequencies. By calculating the zero reflection surface (ZRS) for p- and s-polarization, we identified intersections with the dispersion curve of Ge (n(λ), k(λ), λ) at two points, thus stimulating the PSs effect associated with double topological darkness. The phase jump of double topological darkness is calculated using the transfer matrix method. Furthermore, we analyzed the topological PS of polarization darkness based on temporal coupled-mode theory. Our studies reveal abrupt ±π-jumps in the phase parameter near zero-reflection, plotted as a function of wavelength for a fixed incidence angle proximal to the PS. The experimental results are rigorously validated through theoretical simulations. To demonstrate the functionality of our proposed phase-sensitive sensing device, we applied it to a humidity sensing system by spin-coating a thin layer of humidity-sensitive material, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), onto the device. Experimental results show that the sensor exhibits a detection limit of 0.13 ‰ for p-polarization, and 0.12‰ for s-polarization. Furthermore, by introducing a figure of merit (FOM) defined as the ratio of the phase change (dΔ) to the amplitude change (dΨ) under varying of humidity conditions, FOM = dΔ/dΨ we achieved FOM values of 2450 and 425 for p- and s-polarized waves. The results significantly outperform those reported in prior studies
Results
Double topological PSs for s- and p-polarizations in ultra-thin highly absorbing film structures
We present an ultrasensitive and multiplexed phase-sensitive sensor utilizing double topological PSs. The sensor architecture comprises a deposited ultra-thin (h << λ/4n) absorbing dielectric Ge layer on an Ag film. As a semiconductor, Ge has a bandgap below the photon energies within the visible and infrared spectral ranges, resulting in rapid light attenuation. When combined with metals possessing finite optical conductivity, this structure enables effective phase accumulation. This phenomenon arises from interface reflection and transmission phase shifts occurring within a sub-wavelength optical path. While extensively utilized in structural colors applications
Figure 1.Theoretical predictions of double topological darkness (zero-reflections). (
Experimentally, we deposited a 26 nm thickness layer of Ge onto an Ag substrate. The cross-sectional and surface scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the sample are presented in
Figure 2.Double topological PS effect in ultra-thin absorbing dielectric structures. Schematic of the Ge (26 nm)/Ag system exhibiting: (
To further clarify the PS, we characterize our samples using spectroscopic ellipsometry, as schematically depicted in
here, rp and rs are respectively the p- and s-polarized Fresnel amplitude reflection coefficients. The amplitude of ρ (tanΨ) is the ratio of the moduli of rp and rs, while the phase of ρ (Δ) gives the difference between the phase shifts experienced by p- and s-polarized light on reflection. Therefore, ellipsometry provides us with information not only about the reflected light amplitude but also about the light phase.
The false-color 2D plots illustrating the phase spectra of ellipsometry parameters Ψ and Δ, derived from the TMM, are shown in
Figure 3.Experimental observation of PSs. (
PSs and topological darkness in thin-film absorbers: a temporal coupled-mode theory
The temporal coupled-mode theory (TCMT) offers analytical insights into resonance systems, including waveguides, optical resonators, photonic crystals, metamaterials, and other structures
To establish a comprehensive framework, we commence with a multiport system illustrated in
Figure 4.Topological nature of darkness points associated with spectral PSs. (
here, A represents the resonance amplitude, ω0 is the mode’s resonant frequency, γ0 is the decay rate of intrinsic loss, and γ is the decay rate due to radiation. The vectors
The theoretical model involves optical resonators coupled with ‘m’ ports, where ‘m’ is labeled as ‘1s, 1p, 2s, 2p’ (refer to
Values extracted from fitting curves (solid lines in
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Humidity sensing with polyvinyl alcohol on thin-film optical PS sensor
From an application standpoint, we illustrate the potential of our PS sample to function as a sensor for label-free multichannel applications. Leveraging the PS behavior of our devices at the dark points, we can detect changes in the optical properties of the thin-film device for humidity sensing. To demonstrate this, we apply a spin-coated PVA layer on the highly absorbing media-metal substrate light absorber to detect humidity concentrations.
Figure 5.Double topological PSs in ultrathin absorbing dielectric structures with PVA film. Schematic of the PVA (40 nm)/Ge (26 nm)/Ag system exhibiting (
Notably, the volume of PVA, a typical hydrogel, exhibits sensitivity to environmental humidity, swelling upon absorption of water molecules from the surrounding air
The ellipsometry parameters Ψ and Δ of the PVA/Ge/Ag system measured at an angle of 73.0° are shown in
Figure 6.Humidity sensor based on topology of PVA film on Ge/Ag. (
In
Similarly, the measured ellipsometry parameters Ψ and Δ of s-polarization darkness points with the PS at 48.0° are shown in
Figure 7.Humidity sensor based on topology of PVA film on Ge/Ag. (
Conclusion
In summary, we have developed a formal framework for the double topological PS in ultra-thin (h << λ/4n) absorbing dielectric film structures. The structure architecture comprises a deposited 26 nm Ge layer on an Ag film. Experimental demonstrations have confirmed the presence of a topological darkness point accommodating both s- and p-polarized light, where the light reflection ceases entirely. Notably, we have established a comprehensive theoretical model describing transport processes across multiple input and output ports, including both s- and p-polarization channels, through a multi-mode optical resonator embedded in a thin-film set up. Theoretical analyses have revealed that the phase behavior of the ellipsometry parameter Δ exhibits abrupt π-jumps proximate to a zero-reflection point. Capitalizing on the high phase sensitivity near the topological darkness point, the discernment of minute variations in the electromagentic milieu of the thin-film device is facilitated, enabling the development of a lithography-free, ultrasensitive platform. Notably, we demonstrated the feasibility of a humidity sensor using readily available and cost-effective materials, without the necessity for nanofabrication. The device also holds potential as a platform for other sensors, particularly, for the development of cost-effective apta-biosensor platforms. The double topological PS effect can be used to realize polarizers for both s- and p-polarizations, as well as ultrafast polarization switches. Furthermore, it can find utility in the Brewster window in gas lasers, optical broadband angular selectivity, and Brewster angle microscopy.
Methods
Sample fabrication
A polished silicon substrate was cleaned using sequential washes with acetone, alcohol and deionized water, followed by drying with nitrogen gas. Subsequently, a 120 nm thick Ag (99.95%) film was deposited onto the substrate using an ion beam deposition system (SEINAN INDUSTRIES CO., LTDOSAKAJAPAN, SIBD4-5). The Ag-coated substrate was then transferred into the chamber of a Leybold advanced optical deposition system (ARES1100) for the subsequent deposition of Ge films. The purity of the Ge materials used was 99.99%, with the vacuum maintained at 8×10−5 Pa, and the deposition temperature set to 200 °C. The evaporation rates of the Ge films were meticulously controlled using a digital proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control system, ensuring precise thickness control facilitated by the optical monitor OMS5000. Finally, the morphologies of the fabricated samples were characterized using SEM (FEI Sirion 200).
Spectrum characterizations
Angle-resolved reflectance spectra of the sample were acquired using a grating spectrometer (Agilent Technologies, Cary 7000) equipped with a reflection module, which facilitated measurements across angles ranging from 6° to 85°.
Ellipsometry characterizations
The refractive indices and thickneses of the Ge, PVA and the refractive indices of Ag coatings (
Humidity sensing tests
PVA procured from Alfa Aesar, with a wide range of molecular weight (MW) distribution ranging from 10000 to 26000 g/mol and an alcoholysis degree of 87% to 89%, was dissolved in deionized water at 90 °C and subsequently cooled to from the resist solution. PVA within this range of MW was selected based on its film quality and solubility. The resist was spin-coated onto Ge films to achieve a film thickness ranging from 40 nm to 50 nm.
A schematic of the gas sensing system is shown in
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Xiaowen Li, Jie Sheng, Zhengji Wen, Fangyuan Li, Xiran Huang, Mingqing Zhang, Yi Zhang, Duo Cao, Xi Shi, Feng Liu, Jiaming Hao. Double topological phase singularities in highly absorbing ultra-thin film structures for ultrasensitive humidity sensing[J]. Opto-Electronic Advances, 2025, 8(3): 240091-1
Category: Research Articles
Received: Apr. 21, 2024
Accepted: Aug. 28, 2024
Published Online: May. 28, 2025
The Author Email: Xi Shi (XShi), Feng Liu (FLiu), Jiaming Hao (JMHao)