The propagation and dynamical characteristics of flat-topped vortex beams under different polarization states are analyzed using ABCD matrix, the generalized Huygens-Fresnel principle, and canonical momentum theory. The distributions of dynamic parameters such as energy, momentum, spin angular momentum, and orbital angular momentum during the propagation process of the beam are simulated and analyzed. It is found that when the topological charge is equal to zero, the energy flux density of the left-handed and right-handed circularly polarized beams rotates in opposite directions, and the direction of the energy flux density of the cylindrical vector beam is circularly symmetrical and divergent outward. When the topological charge is not equal to zero, the energy flux density of the light field does not change due to the change of polarization state. The spin angular momentum is an independent dynamic property of the electromagnetic field, which is related to the polarization state of the beam. When the topological charges are reversed, the spin angular momentum density distribution of the circularly polarized beam is the same, and the spin angular momentum density distribution of the cylindrical vector beam is opposite. The momentum and orbital angular momentum are proportional to the local gradient of the electromagnetic field and do not change with the change of polarization state, but are only affected by the topological charge.