The non-contact measurement of alcohol concentration has the characteristics of convenience, rapidity, and real-time tracking, which is of great research significance in the field of alcohol production. In this paper, based on the near-infrared absorption spectral characteristics of alcohol solution, a set of rapid alcohol concentration detection system with STM32 microcontroller as the kernel is developed by using a laser diode and a photodetector with a wavelength of 1300 nm. An indium gallium arsenic diode detector is used with the supporting hardware to capture and convert the photoelectric signal, and the infrared absorption of the alcohol solution is reflected by the detection voltage difference. Furthermore, a detection model is established by fitting with the alcohol polynomial, and the temperature correction is deposited into the main control system to realize the alcohol concentration prediction. The experimental results show that the goodness-of-fit of the detection system for the sample group is 0.9996, and the average standard deviation of the test for the validation group is 0.158, which is much lower than that of the traditional alcohol meter of 0.5. The results show that the detection system has the characteristics of high detection accuracy, strong stability and continuous detection compared with the existing infrared detection systems on the market, and can achieve the rapid detection of the concentration without destroying the alcohol sample, which meets the industrial standards and demands in the market, and has important application value for the alcohol industry and other related industries.