Doppler wind LiDAR has the advantages of low blind spots, high spatiotemporal resolution, and flexible scanning methods. Recently, it has been widely used for the detection of atmospheric wind fields. Especially in the field of aviation meteorology, LiDAR is applied to detect and warn of low-altitude dangerous wind fields at airports. First, a systematic review of the basic principles of Doppler LiDAR and its current research status domestically and internationally is presented. Second, the application methods and progress of LiDAR in detecting airport wind shear, turbulence, and aircraft wake are introduced. Finally, the challenges and future development directions of Doppler LiDAR for applications in the aviation field are summarized.