This study investigated the metabolic network changes of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 in the CdS-S. oneidensis MR-1 coupling system. The results showed that 0.1 mg·mL^-1 CdS significantly affected the amino acid metabolism of S. oneidensis MR-1. Modular analysis showed that under light conditions, the metabolic network of S. oneidensis MR-1 exhibited a more structured characteristic, with an average degree of 4.12. Metabolic pathway analysis indicated that the upregulation of amino acid metabolic pathways might be a regulatory mechanism through which CdS regulates S. oneidensis MR-1 activity under light irradiation. These findings provide valuable insights into the interfacial interaction mechanisms of semiconductor-microbe hybrid systems at the molecular biological level.