Industrial wastewater comprises wastewater, sewage, and waste liquids generated during industrial production, primarily containing organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, inorganic salts, and other pollutants. These wastewaters typically exhibit a relatively simple composition but high concentrations of primary pollutants. Currently, processes such as coagulation-precipitation, oxidation ditches, and adsorption are widely employed for the advanced treatment of industrial wastewater. However, these methods often entail high operating costs and limited resource recovery potential, which are inconsistent with China's dual-carbon strategy. In recent years, membrane separation technology has gained widespread adoption due to its high separation precision, absence of by-products, and strong adaptability. By integrating membrane separation with other processes, it is possible to address the limitations of traditional methods while enabling the separation and recovery of specific substances based on size screening and charge effects. This paper focuses on organic carbon separation, nitrogen and phosphorus recovery, and inorganic salt desalination for lithium extraction, using dye wastewater, nitrogen-phosphorus wastewater, and salt lake brine as case studies. It systematically reviews current research and advancements in membrane-based resource recovery technologies for industrial wastewater, aiming to provide innovative approaches for industrial wastewater resource recovery in China.