To avoid natural disasters affecting the normal transmission of power lines and to ensure the operation safety of transmission lines, a distributed optical fiber sensing monitoring technology for uneven icing on single transmission lines is designed for power conservation. The distributed fiber optic sensing structure is constructed using components such as seed light sources and Brillouin lasers, and the distributed fiber optic sensing structure is used to generate Brillouin frequency shifts and obtain the distribution of temperature and strain over the fiber sensing length. The mechanism of Brillouin frequency shifts and their relationship with temperature and strain are analyzed, providing a reliable basis for subsequent calculations. Through a two-stage, three-tower model, the operating parameters of a transmission line at a single stage are measured, and the line stress equation is applied to calculate the specific load of uneven icing at a single stage. By combining the specific load of uneven icing at a single stage with the temperature and strain conditions applied to the transmission line, the uneven icing thickness of the transmission line at a single stage is calculated to ensure its safety. After experimental verification, it can be concluded that this technology can accurately monitor stress changes in the line during icing, and the temperature error of the monitored line is relatively low, and the thickness of ice-covering can be monitored in real time on each file distance of the line.