Polymer asphalt mixture samples were fabricated using adhesives containing isocyanate groups, base asphalt and aggregates as raw materials. Their high-temperature stability, low-temperature crack resistance, skid resistance and water stability were studied through rutting tests, low-temperature bending tests and water immersion and fly-off tests. The research results show that the rutting depth increases monotonically and nonlinearly with the increase of the number of rolls. Under the same number of rolls, the rutting depth increases with the increase of the asphalt-aggregate ratio. The flexural tensile strength and maximum flexural tensile strain of asphalt mixtures made of polymer materials both show an increasing trend with the increase of the asphalt-aggregate ratio. With the increase of the asphalt-aggregate ratio, the stability of the high-molecular polymer asphalt mixture increases significantly after 30 minutes of immersion in water and then slightly decreases; the stability increases significantly after 48 hours of immersion in water and then slightly increases, while the residual stability shows a zigzag-shaped increasing trend.