The refractory nature of niobium mineral beneficiation arises from its inherent characteristics of low head grade, finely disseminated grain structure, and complex mineralogical associations. This investigation employs columbite as feed material and introduces a reagent blend as a synergistic collector system for niobium mineral concentration. The interfacial interaction mechanism between the mixed reagent system and columbite particulates was systematically elucidated through Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), establishing a technical foundation for comprehensive niobium resource utilization. FTIR characterization revealed chemisorption phenomena through characteristic vibrational signatures: emergence of —N—H stretching vibrations at 3 437.13 cm^-1 with notable peak shifting, coupled with distinct —C＝O— (1 651.36 cm^-1) and —C—N (1 102.64 cm^-1) stretching modes. These spectral modifications confirm surface chelation between the reagent blend and columbite lattice constituents. XPS analysis demonstrated surface-specific adsorption evidence through N(1s) photoelectron peak emergence and chemical shift alterations in Nb⁵⁺ binding energy. The observed coordination changes suggest metallo-chelate formation via —O—Nb—O— bonding configurations. Combined spectral interpretations support the formation of five-membered ring chelate complexes at the mineral-reagent interface. Bench-scale flotation tests demonstrated significant metallurgical improvements: The composite collector system elevated niobium concentrate grade from 0.217% to 3.24% with 83.03% recovery. Comparative analysis against single-collector protocols showed equivalent recovery with 0.53% grade enhancement despite yield reduction. This performance optimization confirms the reagent blends' efficacy in enhancing surface hydrophobicity and mineral selectivity, thereby improving overall separation efficiency in niobium flotation circuits.