The Moon is the only natural satellite of Earth. Lunar exploration and development have regained international attention in the 21st century, becoming a key area of space exploration. Recently, China has proposed the International Lunar Research Station (ILRS) program, aiming to establish long-term operational scientific research facilities to achieve lunar scientific research and resource utilization objectives. This paper summarizes the potential needs and representative applications of multiple optical technologies in various aspects of the ILRS program (including scientific research, system construction, energy management, and environmental control). The technical challenges of optical technologies in lunar exploration are briefly discussed. This paper could provide useful insights for researchers in related fields.