The absorbing and scattering of laser beam by air molecules and fog particles were studied. Kruse model,single scattering approximation and Monte-Carlo simulation were adopted to calculate the extinction characteristics of three types of fog irradiated by near infrared laser of 0.86 μm wavelength,the results show that Kruse model is not applicable to calculate the extinction coefficient when the visibility is lower than 0.5 km. The extinction coefficient from the single scattering approximation with lower precition is larger than that from the Monte-Carlo simulation in the same visibility,which means a lower transmission at the same distance. The difference of extinction characteristic of three types of fog is so small in the same visibility that the influence of the size distribution of fog particle on it is not obvious.

The light propagation in water becomes complicated due to the scattering of water. Limited by optical thickness and other factors,the single scattering approximation is insufficient. Based on the radiative transfer equation and small angle approximation,the multiple scattering solve is gradually recursive to describe the whole scattering process. The calculation relation between underwater irradiance and the attenuation coefficient is deduced and the laser attenuation characteristic in seawater is discussed. The results show that,with the increase of optical thickness,each order scattering is first enhanced and then decreased,the relative irradiance attenuates exponentially,and the attenuation trend is declined when the single scattering albedo or asymmetric factor rise. Verified through Monte Carlo simulation method,the multiple scattering approximation method has a better accuracy than the single scattering approximation on the condition of small scattering angle and can be used as the reference for analysis of the underwater laser propagation.

By the aid of using Gaussian function instead of Bessel function in the Fraunhofer diffraction formula,the simple approximated analytic expression for the far-field divergence angle of Gaussian beam diffracted by a circular-aperture collimation optical system was obtained. For different diffraction conditions,the expression was compared by strict Fraunhofer diffraction expression,and the far-field divergences solved by these two expressions were nearly identical. With the same diffraction aperture,the error between approximated analytic solution and true value is reduced with the increase of the initial beam wrist;with the same initial beam wrist,the error increases slightly with the rise of the diffraction aperture semi-diameter,and finally flatten out. On condition that the intial waist is not less than 2 μm,the maximum of the error is no more than 3.4%. Therefore the approximated analytic expression correctly describes far-field diffraction divergence in every diffraction case,and has handy form. At the same time,through the comparision for the beam divergence in different diffraction aperture diameters and initial beam wrists,it can be seen that the beam divergence decreases with the increasing of the circular aperture semi-diameter and increases with the increasing of initial wrist.

A algorithm based on the iterative method was presented with Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) arithmetic. The main principle is that the unknown field for the current iteration is replaced approximately by the field produced in previous iteration with the time-stepping method. The difference between approximated and real fields decreases with the increase of iterations. Specific procedure of the algorithm was discussed and the convergence analysis was presented. By calculating the reflection coefficient of infinite gold plate and compare it with analytical solutions,it is concluded that the two results are highly consistent with each other numerically and this algorithm turns out to be right. The transmission of three-dimensional dispersive structure with nano cylindrical structure on silicon surface is simulated to verify this method. Results clearly show that this method overcomes the limitation of incidence angle,lack of time domain field evolution procession and need for large meshes compared with traditional methods,which provide a new solution for transmission properties of dispersive periodic structures under oblique incidence conditions.

An electrically tunable liquid crystal grating with two-layer driving staggered electrodes was presented,which could replace the traditional slit liquid crystal grating to achieve a parallax barrier. This grating avoids the blank area between the single-layer electrodes and expands the control area. Besides,it has the advantage of fast switching time to supply the loss of informations caused by space division. A full resolution autostereoscopic display was realized by combining space division and time division. Indium-Tin Oxide (ITO) -SiO2-Al-doped ZnO(AZO)driving electrodes with two-layer staggered structure were prepared on the glass substrate using lithography and vacuum coating technology. Liquid crystal was sandwitched between the substrate with driving electrodes and a substrate with common electrodes to form a cell with a thickness of 5 μm. The optical images show that ITO electrodes and AZO electrodes with the width of 275.8 μm are parallelly interdigitated and isolated by SiO2 insulation layer on the glass substrate. A controllabel full resolution liquid crystal was achieved by switching shading areas and transparent areas in the role of driving voltage.

A microwave photonic filter based on photonic crystal fiber Lyot-Sagnac loop was presented,the filter′s center frequency can be continuously tunable. The length of the photonic crystal fiber is 11.94 m and 1.94 m,using the thermo-sensitive liquid of Cat.19340 to fill one big hole of the two photonic crystal fibers and then embed them into Lyot-Sagnac loop. Simulation analysis of the effect of different duty ratios to the period of comb spectra of Lyot-Sagnac loop and the tuning range of the passband center frequency of the filter. The result shows that the larger the duty ratio,the smaller the period of comb spectra of Lyot-Sagnac loop and the larger tuning range of the passband center frequency of the filter. In the case of the maximum duty ratio,when the effective length of the two photonic crystal fibers is 10 m,the simulation measured period of comb spectra of Lyot-Sagnac loop at the temperature of 20℃ and 80℃ is 0.36 nm and 0.26 nm,when the effective length is 13.88 m,the measured period of comb spectra is 0.26 nm and 0.19 nm respectively. Using the Lyot-Sagnac loop to slice the broadband light source,by adjusting the thermo-sensitive liquid′s temperature from 20℃ to 80℃ and the polarization controllers inside the ring,the wavelength of the light source can be tuned within the range of 0.19 nm~0.36 nm,the center frequency of the microwave photonic filter can be tuned continuously within the range of 31.04 GHz~58.81 GHz.

Focused on two functions of illumination and high rate transmission provided by indoor visible light communication systems,the performance of dimming control with pulse width modulation and bit error rate for Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing based visible light communication was analyzed. A new dimming control scheme based on unipolar orthogonal frequency division multiplexing was proposed due to better performance in terms of both power efficiency and bit error rate achieved by unipolar orthogonal frequency division multiplexing. The dynamic-range of drive current and bit error rate performance were simulated,and the results show that unipolar orthogonal frequency division multiplexing system can obtain better error performance in the mean time without sacrificing illumination quality. In addition,a novel system scheme named zero-padding asymmetrically clipped optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing is presented,which is more efficient in power for the demand of weak lighting intensity and low power consumption. Simulation results show that zero-padding asymmetrically clipped optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing system can improve the power efficiency of the system without loss of error performance.

Membrane transfer matrix theory was used to study the influence between modulation refractive index and transmission characteristics of optical Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG). The influence of grating refractive index modulation amplitude,grating length and modulation method on reflectivity,the reflection peak wavelength and half width of FBG is calculated based on transfer matrix theory. The results show that characteristics of FBG analyzed by the Membrane layer transfer matrix theory,the traditional transfer matrix method and the coupled-mode theory is consistent;high modulation length,low modulation amplitude can obtain good FBG reflection peak,and the main reflection peak position need adjusted by the modulation cycle. The method is verified through the experiment and theoretical analysis of the main reflection peak of FBG in the 1550 nm. Membrane layer transfer matrix method can be applied to the FBG aided design for its simple calculation formula,fast speed compared with traditional methods.

An optical fiber sensor based on a fiber Bragg grating and Mach-Zehnder interferometer was proposed and experimentally demonstrated for the measurement of curvature and temperature simultaneously. The sensor head is formed by combining a fiber Bragg grating with an all-fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer which consists of two cascaded peanut-shape structures. Experimental results show that the interference peaks of the Mach-Zehnder interferometer transmission spectrum and the resonance peaks of the fiber Bragg grating transmission spectrum have a different sensitivity to curvature and temperature change,so that a matrix can be used to realize the simultaneous measurement of the curvature and temperature. Curvature sensitivity of the Mach-Zehnder interferometer is －27.58 nm/m－1 while fiber Bragg grating is not sensitive to the curvature change. Temperature sensitivity of the Mach-Zehnder interferometer and fiber Bragg grating in the experiment is 0.038 69 nm/℃ and 0.012 17 nm/℃,respectively. This proposed sensor employs all-fiber structure and the fiber Bragg grating is inserted between two cascaded peanut-shape structures,so it is compact and easy to make.

According to the characteristics of the reflection spectrum of Fiber Bragg grating(FBG),the influence of power threshold value upon five kinds of typical peak-detection algorithms was studied,and the importance of threshold optimization for reducing peak-detection errors is clear and definite. The threshold value of each algorithm was optimized,and the five algorithms were compared and analyzed from the error of peak-detection and the operational efficiency by selecting different sampling intervals. Experiments show that the relationship between each peak-detection algorithm and power thresholds are different,select the appropriate power threshold for each peak-detection algorithm can reduce their error effectively,improve the resolution and accuracy of wavelength of FBG sensing system. Except centroid detection algorithm,increasing the sampling interval does not improve the operational efficiency of each algorithm significantly. Gaussian fitting algorithm has the smallest error and the best stability,and is appropriate for the demodulation of static signal and low-frequency dynamic signal. Centroid detection algorithm has the highest operational efficiency and relatively small error,and can be used in the demodulation of intermediate-frequency and high-frequency dynamic signal.

Adding a common point feature which provided spatial geometric constraints,the paper analyzed the number of solutions to monocular vision pose measurement based on a circular target and a non-coplanar point. The geometric method was used to prove that the number of solutions is determined by the relative position of the feature point,the optical center and the circle plane,then a new algorithm was proposed to measure the pose and orientation. The algorithm can determine the six dimensional pose parameters,and the results of simulation and experiments indicated the effectiveness and accuracy.

In order to get lower uncertainty,a method was proposed to compensate the gravity deformation caused by flipping in vertical absolute three-flat test. The gravity deformation of the flat surface was simulated by finite-element software and added to the three-flat test calculation. The calibrated results were compared with shift-rotation absolute testing method,and the root mean square of the surface map difference was less than 1nm without power term. For power term verification,a flat supported on different rings was tested and subtracted. For power term verification,a flat supported on different rings is tested and the difference between the tests and the simulation was less than 9 nm peak to vally,which was usually sufficient for flat power term testing. This experiment also proves the accuracy of the power simulation indirectly,the improved three-flat test can be applied in high precise flat absolute calibration including the power term in vertical direction.

A method for estimating spatial carrier frequencies in the interferogram analysis using Fourier transform was presented. By multiplying the original interferogram with a 2D window function and calculating the centroid coordinates of the sidelobe of the apodized interferogram,the spatial carrier frequencies was estimated with high accuracy. Based on the Fourier shift theorem,the carrier removal was realized with the estimated spatial carrier frequencies. The simulation and experiment results show that the method can suppress the carrier removal error as well as the spectrum leakage error effectively.

A traditional melt-quenching method was adopted to prepare a series of (Ge15Ga10Te75)100－x(Ag)x chalcogenide glass samples. The thermal and optical parameters were measured by X-ray diffraction,differential scanning calorimetry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,etc. The results show that these glasses have well amorphous nature and good thermal stability. The differences between the glass onset crystallization temperature and the glass transition temperature are all beyond 100℃. With the addition of silver,the absorption cut-off edge has a red shift. The Ge-Ga-Te-Ag glasses have wide and flat infrared optical windows between 1.8 and 20 μm after a purification method. Therefore,all these properties indicate that Ge-Ga-Te-Ag glasses are potential candidate for far infrared applications.

Two-layer spherical retroreflector which is based on one-layer spherical retroreflector was proposed. On the basis of the object-image relationship of refracting spherical surface and ray tracing theory in vector field,the interrelation between refraction index and radius of curvature of each layer was figured out,the relations among divergence angle,incident height and spherical aberration were induced. Two-layer spherical retroreflector and its improved form were designed by ZEMAX,the field of view angle is ±60°,and the working wavelength is 632.8 nm. The root mean square spot diameters of the two kinds of spherical retroreflectors in different fields are all less than Airy disk diameter 4.632 μm,and the maximum values of spherical aberration is only 0.045 mm,which means that the largest divergence angle of the reflected light is less than 0.1 mrad. The simulation results show that,the luminous flux that the reflected light reaches on the receiver respectively can approach 48.769 lm and 44.249 lm ,the incident luminous flux is 54.594 lm,so the reflected efficiencies respectively are 89.33% and 81.05%.

This paper presents the design,simulation and fabrication of edge-lit Light-Guide Plates(LGPs) using laser micro-machining technique for Liquid crystal display backlights. The optical structure of the LGP is established in an optical software,and simulated by tracing rays using Monte Carlo method. The designed microstructures with gradually changing desity are proved to offer output homogeneous illuminance. Based on the simulation results,Laser Micro-machining Technique(LMT) fabrication is performed for verification. The measured size of the fabricated microstructure is approximately 30.14 μm under 100× magnification,which is close to the prescribed size of 30 μm. The 3D surface morphology of the fabricated microstructure is also available. Ten groups of edge-lit LED display backlight prototypes equipped with the LGPs fabricated by LMT and Screen Printing Technique(SPT) are developed and analyzed. Comparison results show that LGPs fabricated by LMT can provide better optical uniformity (6.2% higher) and lower color difference (0.002 7 lower) than conventional method (SPT). Besides the advantages of faster and simpler,LMT is entirely environmentally-friendly during the machining process. With the characteristics of good performance,automatic production and thinning tendency,it is reasonably believed that LMT will have bright prospect in the near future,and may be a promising alternative method for SPT in display applications.

Based on the tight-binding theory,the generation and split mechanism of one-dimensional multiple mirror photonic crystal defect modes were analyzed theoretically,and the relationship between defect mode frequencies and the relative location of defect layers was established. The transfer matrix method is used to analyze the optical transmission properties of the dual mirror photonic crystal,at the same time,the influences on defect mode properties by periodical layer number,incident angle,dielectric layer thickness and relative refractive index difference of photonic crystal are discussed.The simulation results show that adjusting parameters and defect layer relative locations of photonic crystal can control defect mode properties effectively,which can provide certain theoretical references for the design and application of photonic crystal multi-channel filters.

To reduce the test error,the orthogonal double beam spectrophotometer was designed. The orthogonal double beam spectrophotometer uses one photoelectric conversion system which includes one photodiode,one filtration and amplification,one AD conversion and adds a producer of orthogonal signal which is a rotatable disk and non-opaque somewhere. In each cycle the reference signal and sample signal get through the producer of orthogonal signal and project to the photoelectric conversion system. In this way,the signals collected by the photoelectric conversion system in each cycle are composite and consist of the reference signal,sample signal and dark current signal,each of which will be separated by the master control system of FPGA as each code and restored for the following calculation and analysis. Since the error caused by the differences of photoelectric transducer and collecting time is avoided theoretically,the measurement accuracy of double beam spectrophotometer can be improved through taking one photoelectric conversion system and adding a producer of orthogonal signal. The experimental results show that the orthogonal double beam spectrophotometer has advantages in stability and accuracy.

Traveling wave detector arrays combine the output power of photodiodes without increasing the operation bandwidth. A arrays photodetector based on multi-photodiodes type T circuit structure was proposed. Capacitor and photodiode were connected in series to reduce the effect of junction capacitance on the cut-off frequency. Then inductor was used to connect each photodiode in order to constitute the circuit structure which was similar to type T filter. The novel arrays not only combine multiple photodiodes output power but also increase operation bandwidth. In addition that the capacitance cascaded in the photodiode branch was equivalent to decrescence of the photodiode junction capacitance. Simulation results show that output power of four-photodiodes type T arrays is reduced by half and its cut-off frequency is doubled if compared to four-photodiodes traveling-wave photodetector arrays. The output power and the cut-off frequency are both doubled if compared to traditional photodetector. The output power of eight-photodiodes type T detector is the same as the output power of four-photodiodes TWDA,but its operation bandwidth is doubled.

The method of CCD exposure time control based on driver timing was proposed for the situation of the high performance CCD imaging detector without electronic shutter. The charge will be drained quickly in the excess period by increasing the charge excretion state after the horizental readout under the certain frame frequency. It can control the CCD exposure time effectively,and overcome the problem the CCD minimum exposure time is equal to the readout time. Results show that the booming resistance of the large aperture static imaging spectrometer is well improved and the non-linearity of the method is 4.61%.

A structure of crystalline silicon thin film solar cell consisting of one-dimensional back graitngs and alumininum metal reflection was designed. Silicon,silver and aluminium were used as the back gratings′ materials respectively. The finite-difference time-domain simulations were conducted to compute crystalline silicon′s optical absorption between wavelength of 300 nm and 1100 nm. To analysis the mechanism of optical absorption enhancement,magnetic field intensity distrubutions above wavelength 600nm were plot. Normalized optical absorption density was defined to measure optical absorption of full band quantitatively. Together with short-circuit current,it was used to compare full band optical absorption of three kinds of crystalline silicon thin film solar cells. In contrast,aluminium back gratings enhance crystalline silicon′s optical absorption most efficiently.

A transceiver integrated optically controlled phase array antenna system was introduced. The true time delay of the system was generated by stack integration of micro-optical components. The antenna system accomplishes the control of microwave signal by virtue of controlling the time delay in optical domain. Experimental verification of the system in receive mode is conducted. Experimental results on steering angle of ±10.6°、±30.8°demonstrate that maximum error of steering angle at ±10.6°is 3.1°and that at ±30.8°is 1.2°under 2-6 GHz broadband microwave signal. The dynamic range of the optically controlled phase array antenna at 2 GHz microwave frequency is about 71 dB. The system can realize radio frequency independent broadband beam steering and the tracking of moving target in azimuth angle direction in one-dimensional plane.

The spiral motion of charged particles in magnetic field was analyzed by the transformations of the electromagnetic field. Besed on Compton scattering theory and Doppler formula,Compton scattering of virtual photon and charged particles was analyzed,and the wavelength formula of spontaneous radiation of the charged particles with spiral motion in magnetic field was derived. The results show that when charged particles performs spiral motion in magnetic field,the electric and magnetic field can be taken as periodic electric and magnetic field,and equivalent to virtual photon in the particle system. By Compton scattering of virtual photon and charged particles,the virtual photon can transformed into real photon to radiate out.

The cavity each imprisons one two-level atom,the atom has a resonant interaction with the cavities,and the cavities also interact with each other. Considering these,the geometrical quantum discord was used to measure quantum correlation in quantum systems. The geometrical quantum discord between the atoms,the cavities,and also between the atoms and the cavities were investigated. By using the numerical method,the evolution curves of the geometrical quantum discord were given,and the influences on the geometrical quantum discord with the changing coupling constant between the cavities were discussed. The results obtained show that the geometrical quantum discord between atoms is strengthened,but the geometrical quantum discord between cavities or between the atoms and the cavities are all weakened with the increasing of the coupling constant between cavities.

In order to study the quantum radar′s survival performance in different quantum interference,the interference level was defined based on quantum fidelity,detected photon′s survival function was proposed . According to the quantum damage model of different interference level ,the survival function of quantum radar was established. The influence of different level of interference and quantum survival factor on the quantum radar′s survivability was analyzed. The simulation results show that when the detected points of target is 40 and the interference level is 2,the quantum radar′s survival function is 0.9;when disturbance level is 6,the survival function decreases to 0.5. When the quantum survival coefficient is 0.9,survival function can reach 0.9. When survival coefficient dropped to 0.5,the survival function decreased to 0.6. The quantum radar′s survival function can be used as the basis of researching quantum radar survivability. According to the influence of various quantum interference and setting the appropriate parameters,the survivability of the quantum radar can be improved.

Based on the pronounced thermochromism of VO2,the transmittance and the reflectance of Au/VO2 double-film nano array were calculated with a modificatory Sellmeier dispersion model and finite difference time domain method. The simulated results show that there is a reversal effect,and the reversal effect is depended on the pitch between particles,the thickness of film and the radius of particle. When the pitch becomes large,the peak position of transmittance appears red-shift,and the transmittance reversal difference of Au/VO2 double-film nano array obviously increases. The reversal effect will disappear with the pitch further increasing. When the thickness of Au/VO2 decreases,the transmittance will increase,and the reversal difference will change. The difference of transmittance is bigger with the radius of particle increasing. However,the reversal effect is not obvious while the size of nano particle is futher increasing. By optimizing the pitch,the thickness and the radius of the particle,there is the best reversal effect with 9.8 nm pitch,110 nm thickness of Au and VO2,and 58 nm radius at 690 nm. The relative difference of transmittance can reach up to 91%,and relative reflectance difference can arrive at about 90%.

3D finite-difference time-domain method was employed to comparatively study the enhanced optical transmission of four kinds of periodic subwavelength hole arrays metallic films,such as circular-shaped,button-shaped,semicircular-shaped and Tai-Chi-shaped holes which had different symmetries and were deposited on a quartz substrate. The effect of the hole arrays periodicity and the hole size on the enhanced optical transmission of these four array structures were investigated. The results show that the enhanced optical transmission is strongly dependent on the symmetries of unit cells. Under the excitation of ultrashort Gauss light pulse,the normalized transmission increases gradually with the reduction of unit structural symmetries,the transmission peak in infrared wavelengths range undergoes a large spectral red-shift. The distance between the transmission peak in visible and infrared wavelengths range increases gradually. The largest distance of 1 300 nm is in symmetry breaking Tai-Chi-shaped arrays. The surface plasmon polaritons mode and the localized surface plasmon resonance mode play important roles in the process of the enhanced optical transmission. In visible wavelengths,the surface plasmonic polaritons mode is the dominant factor to the enhanced optical transmission of these four arrays structures. In infrared wavelengths,the localized surface plasmon resonance mode significantly affects the enhanced optical transmission of the hoel arrays in poor unit symmetries.

Applying TV goniometry to measure the angle deviation and rotation angular velocity of missile deviated from the line of sight,and it has the advantage of high precision and low bias. Using of thin-film technology to improve performance of TV goniometry optical system is a more effective method. Based on the thin-film design theory,and metal-medium structure was used to design broad spectrum splitter film and internal reflecting film. This method solves the problem of polarization separation when a wide spectrum incident obliquely. By optimizing the deposition process and ion-assisted parameters,using vacuum annealing method to solve the problem of internal reflecting film stripping. After testing,the prepared film meets the requirement of the system and passes the relevant environmental tests of national military standard.