hrough detecting the Doppler shifts of airglow (aurora) in upper atmosphere, the physical quantity such as velocity, temperature and pressure of upper atmosphere is derived. Taking the aurora (two major lines of the emission of the atomic oxygen) in upper atmosphere as the detection source, the detection principle and method of the line based on the Lorentzian profile are researched; the distribution of the velocity, temperature and pressure and their calculation formula are given out based on the Lorentzian profile, using computer imitation, the error curve is described, so it is shown that the Lorentzian profile is very important in the upper atmospheric wind detection.

Ladar, which can obtain range image and intensity image, may provide much useful information than other imaging system. Range image noise suppression is a key for ladar image processing. The suppression effects influence directly precision in tracking and pointing. According to range image noise, combining intensity image with multilevel median filtering is used for actual ladar image. First, dropout is removed according to intensity image mean in 3×3 window and whole image mean. Then, outlier is removed by using multilevel median filter. Each processing result is presented and better range image is obtained. The investigation results show that this algorithm can suppress range image noise in coherent ladar effectively.

Ghost reflections are a major consideration in the optical design of the high-power laser facilities. A thorough ghost analysis has been carried out for the technical integration line (TIL), which is the full scale prototype for Shenguang-Ⅲ laser facility (SG-Ⅲ), with a method of combination of paraxial ray tracing and real ray tracing. This paper takes one of the “dangerous surfaces” as example, which is the front plane of a window in Pockels cell, simulating the energy distribution graph on it by numerous real-ray tracings. According to the shape of ghost energy graph and its corresponding optical structure, suggestions are made to effectively mitigate the damage on the studied optical surfaces.

An algorithm of ray tracing based on light ray refraction and reflection in geometrical optics in the medium of variable refractive index is proposed and a recursive direction-cosine equation of reflected light and refractive light for ray tracing in the medium of variable refractive index is carried out, In the algorithm, some problems, confirmation of normal line, light turning etc., are resolved. At last its correctness is validated by comparing numerical value and analytic value of several different special distribution of refractive index of analytic solution, furthermore some problems in the during of applying the algorithm and under solution in the algorithm are discussed. Not only the algorithm has extensive feasibility and is independent of distribution of refractive index, but also its numeric precision is about 10-5. The application of the algorithm is prospective in the many cases, such as optical designing and spatial imaging compensation of variable refractive index.

Most of the commonly used image fusion methods have the same limitation, only one fused result is possible by using each of the method, the users have no control over how much spatial detail or spectral information should be retained. A wavelet-based adjustable image fusion method is presented. The two images are decomposed into sub-images with wavelet transform, respectively. By introducing two parameters that can adjust the fused image, these sub-images are fused in wavelet space. A fused image is achieved by inverse wavelet transform. To compare the performances of the proposed method with those of the commonly used image fusion methods, such as the usual wavelet fuser, the intensity-hue-saturation (IHS) fuser, and the principal component analysis (PCA) fuser, the SPOT and the landsat thematic mapper (TM) images are used to perform the experiment. The results show that the balance between spectral characteristics preservation and high spatial resolution retention can be achieved at different levels in image fusion. With some combination of the parameters, the visual effects and the statistical parameters indicate that the fused results are slightly better than those of the commonly used image fusion methods.

In order to integrate two registered high spatial resolution panchromatic image and low spatial resolution multispectral image of the same scene, a new remote sensing image fusion algorithm based on a novel steerable pyramid frame transform (SPFT) is proposed. Each band of the multispectral image is combined with the panchromatic image. In the individual band fusion, histogram matching is first performed on the panchromatic image to obtain a new high spatial resolution image with a uniform histogram as the band to be fused of the multispectral image. Then, the histogram matched panchromatic image and the band to be fused of the multispectral image are both decomposed by the SPFT. The SPFT coefficients are combined to produce the composite coefficients. Finally, the fused image of the panchromatic image and the band to be fused of the multispectral image is obtained by performing inverse SPFT. Experimental results show that the proposed image fusion algorithm outperforms the traditional methods based on the intensity-hue-saturation (IHS) transform and discrete wavelet frame transform (DWFT), especially in situations where the source images are not perfectly registered.

In order to overcome the discontinous phase unwrapping problems existing in the shape measurement of the discontinuous objects, the spatial carrier grating fringe pattern produced by the computer of which the ratio of two frequencies is an irrational number, is introduced. By using the wavelet transform profilometry, the wrapped phase distribution corresponding to the two frequencies respectively in one bi-frequency grating pattern is got. And then applying the phase unwrapping by a lookup table method for unwrapping, the determinate modulated phase distribution corresponding to the two frequencies is got. The technique can tolerate the height discontinuity of the shape of the objects. The defailed theoretical deduction, experimental verification and an example of 3-D shape measurement are shown.

Report the research on highly calibraton and standard transfer is based on cryogenic with analyzing the component uncertainties which contribute to total uncertainty associated with the measurement results. Firstly, the laser power was measured by cryogenic radiometer in visible and near infrared spectral regions (488～944 nm), uncertainty of power measurement is less than 0.016%. Secondly, Si transfer standard detectors were directly calibrated against the cryogenic radiometer using laser source, therefore the absolute spectral responsivity scale is established at this spectral regions (488～944 nm) at uncertainty less than 0.028%.

The polarization transform errors of three-waveplate polarization transformers (TWPTs), which consist of one half-waveplate (λ/2) and two quarter-waveplates (λ/4), are discussed detail. The error models of the TWPT using a new and simple two dimensions geometry method instead of traditional Poincaré sphere method are deduced and numerically calculated. The results of investigation show that the errors of the TWPTs are dependent on the different combinations of one λ/2 and two λ/4, and according to the accuracy of TWPTs, λ/4+λ/2+λ/4 is the best, λ/2+λ/4+λ/4 is better and λ/4+λ/4+λ/2 is good. After polarization transform, the errors of azimuth angle and ellipticity angle are rather large and minor respectively and the TWPTs have enough accuracy to meet the applications in the field of coherent optical communications and optical fiber communication systems.

In order to design optical system to collimate laser beam, its far-field distribution should be acquired exactly. Based on the Helmholtz equation, two decentered Gauss beams are used to represent the distribution of the source in the direction of paralleling the chip plane, then a new model describing the double-peak beam of high-power laser diodes is presented. A comparison with several practical devices is also made, satisfying result has been obtained, the rate of the error power to the total is only 1%～2%. Because of its simple structure, this model can be used to design shaping system or analyze the propagation properties when the laser beam passes through a optic system, and helpful for calculating coupling efficiency.

The characterization of an arched diode-side-pumped Nd∶YAG laser was reported. A concentric-pumping and concentric-cooling close configuration was used for the laser. The pump light distribution and temperature profile were calculated and optimized. Influence of the laser diode chirp and sag on the laser output, the effect of thermal birefringence on the laser Q-switch output and laser output under different resonator length and different cavity have been studied. A maximum output of 135 mJ in multimode Q-switch operation is obtained with pumped energy 735 mJ (marked value). The pulse width is 7.6 ns and the full divergence angle is smaller than 1.5 mrad. The slope efficiency is 44.3%. The optical-optical efficiency is 18.4%.

The calorescence coefficients of silicon resin reached -3.6×10-4 /℃ at 650 nm, and -3.3×0-4 /℃ at 632.8 nm which were tested by V prism device. A silicon resin waveguide is formed on a quartz substrate and its effective refractive indexes N at different temperatures are detected by coupled prism method. The thickness h and refractive index n1 of the film at different temperatures are calculated and these results show that the variety of N comes from the n1 and the reflection angle of guided wave on the boundary. The experimental results of waveguide reveal that the larger calorescence coefficients of silicon resin are induced by the larger orientational polarizability of the molecules in the material and it can be useful in making the thermo-optic switch of low power dissipation in short-range networks.

Neutron-irradiation induced defects formation and optical properties change in sapphire (α-Al2O3) are discussed. Czochralski (CZ) and temperature gradient technique (TGT) grown sapphire crystals are irradiated by neutrons, and F, F+ and F+2 color centers are formed in both crystals according to absorption and fluorescence spectra. But the concentration of color centers is different. Concentration of F+ center in TGT crystals is higher than that in CZ samples, while the F center concentration in CZ crystals is higher than that in TGT crystal. It is attributed to different impurities concentration of sapphire samples. Obvious thermoluminescence peaks at 145 ℃ and 150 ℃ are found in CZ and TGT grown sapphire crystals respectively. With calculation by initial elevation method, thermoluminescence trap depths of two crystal samples are 1.15 eV and 1.05 eV, respectively.

A new control parameter is introduced to phase function to modify the general diffusion approximation for small source-detector separation of tissue. The results of standard diffusion approximation, general diffusion approximation and modified general diffusion approximation are compared with the Monte-Carlo simulation in steady state diffusion equation for slab boundary condition. The result shows that the modified general diffusion approximation with an appropriate control parameter is more closed to Monte-Carlo simulation for local tissue, and describes exactly the photon propagation of small separation between source and detector. The effects of system parameters, such as numerical aperture and diameter of laser on the control parameter are also discussed. This study is useful for the measurement of optical properties of tissue with high resolution.

The protection effect of vitamin C on ultraviolet radiation-induced DNA damage was discussed. The Raman spectra of the mixture of small amount vitamin C and DNA sdution with ultraviolet radiation of 9 min and 30 min were measured. The intensity of ultraviolet radiation is 18.68 W/m2. When vitamin C (0.2 mmol/L) was add ed to DNA solution, ultraviolet radiation only had a slightly influence on the DNA. Though free radicals generated by ultraviolet radiation in the mixture of DNA solution and vitamin C can cause DNA damage, vitamin C has antioxidative property and it can scavenge free radicals and prevent the reaction between DNA and free radicals. In the other way, both vitamin C and DNA have strong absorbancy at 260 nm ultraviolet. Maybe the vitamin C absorbancy of ultraviolet radiation is stronger than DNA′s, so DNA was protected.

Optical pupil filter is one of the basic elements for optical superresolution. So it is important to design and manufacture the optical pupil filter. The amplitude optical pupil filters with sine functions were designed. This pupil filter can realize different types of superresolution by changing the periods of sine function or the transmittance of the central point. By numerical calculations, It is noticed that 0.5～2 sine periods is suitable for superresolution. When the number of periods is smaller than 0.5, there is no superresolution effect. And the superresolution effect is worse as the number bigger than 2. In numerical calculation it is also noticed that the Strehl ratio is unchanged with the central point transmittance when the number of periods is integer and its value is 0.25. The numerical results show the typical properties of amplitude optical pupil filters with sine functions and it will help manufacture it.

A novel all-optical wavelength conversion (AOWC) based on the cascaded sum frequency generation (SFG) and difference frequency generation (DFG) in LiNbO3 waveguides have been theoretically studied. This novel wavelength convertor employing two pump sources places the two input pump wavelengths outside the optical communication band. It is easily realize optimum coupling between punp wavelengths and signal wavelength since their wavelengths are relatively close to each other and the pump wavelenths do not occupy the communication band and the convertor has a characteristic of polarization-insensitive. The theoretical model of the AOWC is established and the coupled-mode equations of optical interaction in waveguide are given out. Then the solutions of coupled-mode equations are in detail deduced step by step and an electric field expression of clear physical insight is obtained. The effects of the device length and the pump powers on the conversion efficiency are analyzed, and it offers theoretical foundation for the optimum frabrication parameters for stable and highly efficient AOWC.

The first hyperpolarizabilities β(-2ω;ω,ω) and β(-ω;ω,0) of hemicyanine derivatives chromophore, 4-N,N-dimethylamino-4'-N'-methyl stilbazolium (DAS), are calculated by using time-dependent Hartree-Fock (TDHF) and sum over states (SOS) method at infrared wavelength, respectively. Frontier molecular orbitals are also computed by INDO/CI method. The numerical results indicate that maximum absorption wavelengh is about 480 nm which agrees well with the experimental data, and nonlinear optical properties are determined by the first excited state. In infrared region (800～2500 nm), with the increase of fundamental frequency, secondary harmonic generation (SHG) β(-2ω;ω,ω) and electrooptic effect (EOE) β(-ω;ω,0) also become larger, but β(-2ω;ω,ω) increased greater than β(-ω;ω,0). In off-infrared region, β(-2ω;ω,ω) dispersion curve is flat while sharp caused by resonance enhancement in near-infrared region (<1300 nm). β(-2ω;ω,ω) equals to (380±5)×10-30 esu at 1064 nm calculated by TDHF. However, for the higher frequency, other excited states should be considered in SOS calculation. Moreover, influence of basis set effect upon TDHF calculation is also discussed.

A new way for designing one-dimensional photonic crystal, which has double-channel, is given by researching the characteristics of Fabry-Perot filter and analyzing the influence of thickness change of defect layers on the number and the position of the channels. A double-symmetrical structure consisted of one-dimensional photonic crystal is introduced based on the Fabry-Perot structure. The position of the two channel series in the photonic forbidden band is separately adjusted by changing the thickness of three defect layers in the double-symmetrical structure. The equivalent surface method is used in the elementary calculation and the computer simulation is used to further modify the thickness of the layer. With this design, the interference of different channels is avoided and the independent change of the channel position is realized in the double-sysmmetrical one-dimensional photonic crystal.

The photonic-band-gap (PBG) structures of two-dimensional magnetic photonic crystals (MPCs) are investigated by using the plane wave expansion (PWE) method. One is composed of rectangular magnetic pillars embedded into host dielectric in rectangular lattice (RR type), the other consists of circle magnetic cylinders embedded into host dielectric in triangular lattices (TC type). The changes of PBG structures corresponding to the magnetic permeability are presented, and each sample is found with large ratio of gap-midgap. Based on the above results, the PBG structure of magnetic heterostructures composed of both RR type and TC type MPCs (MRRTC heterostructures) is investigated by use of PWE method combined with the supercell technique. The guide modes at the interface of MRRTC heterostructures are produced at absolute PBG without longitndinal gliding or displacement of the lattice. When introducing the relatively longitudinal gliding and transverse displacement of the lattice from the interface, the dispersion curves of guide modes vary apparentely.

Using ceramic plate semiconductor refrigerator as temperature control unit the thermal effect of the rotatory power of quartz crystal is investigated. The testing system for the thermal effect of the rotatory power of quartz crystal is designed and the rotatory power at different temperature ranging from -10 to 60 ℃ is measured. The results show that, for given homogeneous light,the rotatory power increases with increasing temperature. Through Sellmeier equation and quartic fit method, the relation of Sellmeier equation's coefficient to temperature is calculated, thereby the rotatory power of quartz crystal at different wavelength and random temperature can be obtained.

Goos-Hnchen (GH) shifts of the transmitted and reflected light beam in a two-prism configuration is staturated to a maximum in the opaque limit for the incidence angle above the critical angle for total reflection. The magnitude of GH shift is about the order of the wavelength. The Goos-Hnchen shift of the transmitted light beam in a two-prism configuration is investigated by stationary-phase approach when the incidence angle is less than the critical angle. It is shown that the Goos-Hnchen shift of the transmitted light beam in propagating case is a periodical function of the air-gap thickness, incidence angle and the refractive index of two prisms. Due to transmission resonance, the Goos-Hnchen shift of the transmitted light beam can be of one or two order of wavelength. Compared to the result for the incidence angle above the critical angle, the Goos-Hnchen shift presented here can be resonantly enhanced by boundary interaction effect. It is also shown that the Goos-Hnchen shift of the reflected light beam is the same as that of the transmitted one in the symmetric structure, when the resonance does not occur. These resonance-enhanced shifts of the transmitted light beam may lead to potential applications in the optical devices, such as optical switch and optical coupler.

A variable optical attenuator (VOA) fabricated by micro mechanical technology is presented. Based on micro electromagnetic actuation, the attenuation level is adjusted by changing the radial offset between the input and output optical fiber. The structure parameter was determined through optics, mechanics and magnetic circuit analysis. The device was fabricated and packaged by micromachining technology. The packaged volume of the device is 20 mm×15 mm×8 mm. According to the experiment results, the insertion loss is less than 1 dB, the polarization relevant loss is less than 0.1 dB, dynamic range is larger than 35 dB and the driving voltage is less than 5 V. It promises to be a low cost, high performance passive device for all-optical-networks.

A highly efficient bright red electrophosphorescent device using bis(2-methyl-8-quinolinato)4-phenylphenolate aluminum (BAlq) as a hole and exciton blocker is reported. Maximum luminance and external quantum efficiency of the device are 10362 cd/m2 and 7.0% respectively. Commission Internationale de l′Eclairage (CIE) co-ordinates are (0.672, 0.321). In addition, the quantum efficiency is still as high as 4.3% at a current density of 100 mA/cm2. The device can satisfy the requirement of the red in the full color dynamic displays.

At different pressure, a pulsed laser was used to irradiate the surface of Hg0.8Cd0.2Te. The emission spectrum from the plasma was detected by a time and space-resolved diagnostic technique. The velocity of the ejected particle was measured on the basis of obtained time of flight spectrum. The experimental results indicate that the velocity of the ejected particle decreases quickly with increasing the distance from target surface. Moreover, the velocity is influenced greatly by the ambient pressure and the laser energy has almost no impact on velocity. In addition, the electron density was estimated by using full width at half maximum and the results show that the electron density decreases quickly during a short period after the laser arrives the surface. Moreover, the maximal electron density emerges at a position which is some distance away from the target surface but not on the surface.

The sub-structure in absorption spectrum was analyzed by means of photoluminescence excitation (PLE) spectra. The glass samples of CdSeS quantum dots were prepared by co-melting and analyzed by means of high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), the annealing time was 2 h and 4 h respectively, the quantum dots' diameter was 3.6 and 3.8 nm respectively. Absorption spectra and photoluminescence excitation spectra were measured at room temperature. The absorption spectra showed quantum size-dependent effects. Two peaks were observed in photoluminescence excitation spectra. The valence band degeneracy and the interaction between electrons and holes were taken into account, the energies of 1S3/2-1Se and 2S3/2-1Se transitions versus quantum dots' radii were obtained by theoretical analysis and numerical calculation. The two peaks in photoluminescence excitation spectra are assigned to 1S3/2-1Se and 2S3/2-1Se transitions, respectively.

An analytical method of fast diagnosing organic matter in water is discussed. The concepts of total luminescence spectroscopy (TLS) and spectral fluorescent signature (SFS) technique are introduced. The total luminescence spectroscopy of water samples in combination with laser induced fluorescence (LIF) measurements using 532 nm wavelength excitation source are measured in the laboratory, and the spectral characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and chlorophyll a (Chl a) are analysed with spectral fluorescent signature technique. The curve of normalized fluorescence intensity against corresponding concentration of humic acid is showed. The possibilities of water quality monitoring in real time and on line based upon spectral fluorescent signature technique are discussed.

A new spectroscopic technique for measuring the spectrum of transient molecules, named optical heterodyne magnetic rotation enhanced concentration modulation spectroscopy (OH-MR-CMS) is introduced. It combines optical heterodyne detection and magnetic rotation spectroscopy with the concentration modulation technique leading to greatly improved sensitivity. The concentration modulation spectroscopy (CMS) is suitable for the detection of the spectrum of short-lifetime transient molecules and excited state molecules. The optical heterodyne (OH) technique is used for eliminating the amplitude fluctuation noise from the laser source so as to realize the detection limit of the shot noise. The magnetic rotation (MR) technique makes a selective detection of paramagnetic molecules, so as to further improve the detection sensitivity. The principle of OH-MR-CMS is interpreted in detail and the technique is used to measure the absorption spectrum of the O2 b1Σ+g-X3Σ-g forbidden transition with a quite good signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio. The detailed analysis of the sensitivity of this technique is presented, the minimum relative absorption is approximately 1.9×10-9 and the absorption cross-section σ of the O2 forbidden transition is 2.4×10-24 cm2.

Optical thin films exhibit inevitable polarization effects at oblique incidence. When illuminating light with a large numerical aperture incident on dichroic thin films at a non-normal angle in Philips prism system, linear polarized light is turned into elliptical polarized light because of the difference of the phase shift between s- and p-polarization component. Polarization aberration in projection display system is analyzed based on the theory of Jones matrix polarization ray tracing. The dark-state output and extinction ratio of system are also calculated. Furthermore, the character of polarized light on the exit pupil is given out, and the variation of polarization aberration at different F-number illumination light is analyzed. At last, the influence of monitoring errors of thin film on the polarization aberration is analyzed. The monitoring errors have great impact on the polarization aberration and contrast of the system. The method can be applied to other large aperture optical systems.

Pulse compressed gratings (PCG) used in chirped-pulse amplification system and based on multi-layer thin film stack are etched with ion-beam and holographic techniques. Diffraction efficiency and laser induced damage threshold are determined by the structure of the parameter of gratings, on the other hand, by the design of multi-layer dielectric greatly. A multi-layer dielectric stack design used at 1053 nm and exposed at 413.1 nm is given. The influence of the structure on the optical character is described in detail. The analysis shows that H3L (H2L)9H0.5L2.03H films meet the requirements of PCG. The sample was prepared by ZZX-800 vacuum machine with e-beam gun, and its optical character is given. Transmittance is less than 0.5% at using wavelength and above 90% at exposing wavelength. Results show that the optical property is excellent and there is a good agreement between the measured transmittance and the design.

Central wavelength of S-polarization and P-polarization will separate when the filter is tilted .But the central wavelength of two polarization components in angle-tuned filter can be coincided by adjusting effective refractive index of spacer.Beginning with the analysis of phase relationship and by use of the characteristic matrix expression of multilayer films, two implicit function expressions of middle layer's refractive index of spacer and central wavelength of P-polarization and S-polarization are deduced. Therefore the value of middle layer's refractive index and corresponding central wavelength can be quickly and accurately obtained. Simulation calculations of two concrete filter designs for single cavity and three cavities prove that the method is feasible. Based on the samples data analysis of difference curves with incidence angle from 0° to 30°, it is proven that the algorithm is highly accurate.

The computer simulation of X-ray rocking curve is an important method for characterization for the semiconductor materials. The calculation of the intrinsic rocking curve is the foundation of its simulation. The intrinsic reflectivities of Hg1-xCdxTe and Cd1-zZnzTe materials are calculated by using X-ray dynamic theory and the effect of compositions and thicknesses on intrinsic reflectivities and full width at half maximum (FWHM) is studied. It is found that intrinsic reflectivities and FWHM of Hg1-xCdxTe and Cd1-zZnzTe materials depend on their compositions and thicknesses. The reflectivities and FWHM are determined by X-rays scattering and absorption in the materials. If the film thicknesses are smaller than penetration depth, the changes of the shape of the intrinsic rocking curves, intrinsic reflectivities and FWHM are also affected by theirs. If the thickness of Hg1-xCdxTe films is larger than 7 μm, the changes of the intrinisic reflectivities and FWHM of the (333) diffraction plane would be very small.