The Total Solar Irradiance (TSI) cavity in an Absolute Radiance Calibration Primary Radiometer(ARCPR) for space remote sensing should have an absorptance more than 0.999 9 and the measurement uncertainty superior to 0.001%. Therefore, a cylindrical sloping bottom cavity was used as a receiver cavity for calibration of the TSI because of its superior performance in the space and cryogenic environments. Then,the absorptance of the cylindrical sloping bottom cavity was measured. The characteristics of the cylindrical sloping bottom cavity were introduced, and why the cavity was used as the receiver cavity in cryogenic radiometer was analyzed. Furthermore, the principle of the absorptance measured by a substitution method was expounded. A reference light path was added to monitor the stability of a laser to improve the measurement repeatability and accuracy. Finally, the absorptance of sloping bottom cavity was measured using this method, and the uncertainty of measurement results was analyzed. Experimental results indicate that the absorptance of sloping bottom cavity is 0.999 928±0.000 005, superior to that of the calibration standard of the blackbody cavity, which verifies it is feasibility to use the sloping bottom cavity as the TSI cavity for measuring the TSI. The experiments also verify that the ratio of single voltage and reference voltage could be used to calculate the cavity absorptance, and could improve the uncertainty of measurement result. This method is fit for measuring the absorptance of an ultra high absorptance cavity.

To avoid the effect of falling body rotation on measurement accuracy for free-fall absolute gravity measurement based on optical interferometry, a novel method by using two interferometers was proposed. Firstly, the effect mechanism of falling body rotation on absolute gravity measurements was introduced and a data fusion method using data derived from an absolute gravimeter with two simultaneously measured interferometers was presented. Then simulation experiments were carried out according to a preset gravity value, the initial perpendicular height difference between the optical center (OC) and the center of mass (COM) in the upper and lower interferometer reflecting prisms in falling body, the randomly generated sequences of rotation angular velocity of falling body and the gravity measurement deviation caused by vibration for the upper and lower interferometer, respectively. The experimental results show that gravity deviation and the standard deviation obtained by data fusion processing from double interferometers with the vertical distance between OC and COM of 2.5 mm are about 0.5 μGal and 0.3 μGal, respectively, which are consistent with that of the existing method by strictly adjustment of the COM of fall body. By properly choosing the distance of OC to COM for the upper and lower prisms, the effect of rotation can be better reduced. When the distance of the OC to the COM is designed to be ±3 mm, the gravity value deviation calculated from double interferometer data fusion is less than 1μGal, which meets the requirements of some measurement fields for precise gravity measurement.

For the purpose to measure the water-film thickness of a sea water pump slipper pair, a measurement system based on a reflective modulated optical fiber displacement sensor was designed and implemented. A new optical fiber probe structure which matches the construction of sea water pump was designed, in which a three-circle coaxial fiber bundle with better compensation function was used to eliminate the influences caused by the intensity fluctuation of light source, the character of reflective surface, optical loss and the bending loss. The signal conditioning circuit consisting of a light source，a power supply，a photoelectric conversion circuit, a low pass filter and a dividing circuit was developed to adjust the signals. The experimental test for static property and dynamic property of the system was performed and the results demonstrate that the system offers a precision of micron-level and a good dynamic property. Its measuring range is 1 000 μm ,and sensitivity is 3.45 mV/μm. This results verify that the measurement system proposed in this paper meets the requirements of the measurement of water film thickness.

By employing a fiber-coupled diode-laser as the pump source and a 5 mm long cesium vapor cell as laser media, the experiments on the mode-matching of a LD-end-pumped cesium vapor laser were investigated. The effects of the focus spot radius and the position of focused pump light on the output characteristics of cesium laser were analyzed. Then, the different mode-matching parameters were optimized to allow the slope efficiency and optical-to-optical efficiency to be maximal. Furthermore, the threshold pump power of the laser was studied. Results show that there is an optimal focused spot radius to allow the slope efficiency to be the highest when the laser resonant mode beam is constant. Moreover, it is beneficial to improve the efficiency when the focused spot position is in the center of vapor cell. The threshold pump power was also researched, which shows the power can decrease with decreasing the focus spot radius of pump light, and when the pumping light focuses on the front of the vapour cell, the pumping power can be reduced. Finally, a series of parameters were optimized at the laser mode waist of 167 μm, and they are focused spot radius of 333 μm, spot position of 2.5 mmm and the focusing position of pumping light on the center of the vapour cell.KRUPKE W F,BEACH R J,KANZ V K, et al.. Resonance transition 795-nm rubidium laser［J］. Opt. Lett., 2003, 28(23): 2336-2338.

The new imaging strategy based on a deep space explorer was proposed for two celestial bodies on-orbit operation. A field of view model was established based on the performance parameters of a camera. Then, the orbit dynamic model of celestial bodies and the explorer, attitude data of the explorer, and illumination condition were analyzed synthetically. Finally, the camera of shooting, the time of imaging and the attitude of imaging were defined. By taking the design of circumlunar return and reentry spacecraft of the 3rd phase of China lunar exploration program as an example, the camera, imaging time, and the attitude of imaging were calculated. The imaging strategy was verified using the on-orbit exploration effect simulation system. The results show that the strategy can obtain imaging conditions expediently and accurately based on the requirement of composition of projected celestial body and the angular deviation is in the range of 1°. The imaging strategy for two celestial bodies was successfully applied to circumlunar return and reentry spacecraft. By accurate imaging, the earth-lunar images are achieved at lunar distance of 1.40×104 km and at earth distance of 3.91×105 km for the first time in space history in China. This imaging strategy might be used as a reference for two celestial bodies based on the deep space explorer on-orbit operation.

The Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) and ngstrm indexes (α) influenced by straw burning, dust, and some sunny days were inverted by using the long-term measurement data from a sun-photometer in several typical regions of China. Then, the given aerosol sources were verified by the observed data and retrieved results. The optical characteristics of aerosols influenced by straw burning and dust were analyzed in several typical regions of China. The results show that the AOD obviously increases for the cases with straw burning and dust in the city. The α is larger in the periods of straw burning than that in clear days, the values during straw burning days usually are greater than 1.3. However, the α is smaller during dust days than that during clear days, which is usually less than 0.5. The relationship between the AOD and the α influenced by different aerosols in different zones is evidently different. The results indicate that the α can be a benchmark parameter of straw burning and dust to lay a basis for detection methods of organic black carbon aerosol optical properties and also to provide a reference for research of the effect degrees of urban areas of northwest China by surrounding deserts .

To realize the real-time measurement of optical concealment depth for a vehicle under water, an optical concealment depth measurement system for the underwater vehicle was developed. According to the target background contrast transfer theory, the transport properties of the target background contrast in sea water, air and sea were analyzed and a model of underwater optical concealment depth for the vehicle was established. On the basis of the model, required parameters for measuring optical concealment depth of underwater vehicle were analyzed and the measuring methods for the water upward irradiance, water downward irradiance, water body attenuation coefficients, water diffuse attenuation coefficients and underwater vehicle surface reflectivity were designed. Then, an experiment on sea was completed, and it shows that underwater optical concealment depth of the vehicle with a characteristic scale of 12 m ranges from 25 m to 35 m under good weather conditions. The experimental results indicate that the measurement system successfully measures the depth of optical concealment of the vehicle and also is suitable for other submarines. As it avoids the traditional depth measurement mode, the system has stable and reliable operation, improves the conceal ability and measuring accuracy, and provides the supports for underwater flight decision.崔国恒,于德新.非声探潜技术现状及其对抗措施［J］.火力与指挥控制,2007,32(12): 10-13.CUI G H,YU D X.Non acoustic detection technology of submarine and its countermeasures［J］.Fire and Command Control,2007,32(12): 10-13. (in Chinese)

A measurement method for the lens centering error based on double phase-encoding optical Joint Transform Correlator(JTC) was proposed for improving the measuring accuracy and determining the orientation of the centering error. On the basis of the principle of traditional JTC, two phase functions were utilized to code the reference image and the joint power spectrum, and proper filters were chosen to eliminate the effect of the sidelobe and to obtain an output with one cross-correlation peak. Then, this JTC technique after double phase-encoding was used to detect the displacement vectors between target images and reference image and to fit a circle using the displacement vectors. The vector between the center of the fitting circle and a certain point on the fitting circle is the magnified centering vector of corresponding angle, which means that the size and orientation of the centering error have been determined simultaneously. The experimental results show that the outputs keep only one speculate cross-correlation peak after double phase-encoding, which implements the displacement measurement with sub-pixel accuracy. This technology is used to measure the centering error of a lens accurately, the experimental standard deviation is 0.1 μm, and the biggest absolute error is 0.3 μm, which meets the requirement of centering error measurement.

When traditional error correction methods are used in microsphere surface inspection, it might show a larger residual. Therefore, this paper proposes a surface topography to correct the eccentricity of microsphere and to improve the measuring precision and efficiency. Based on the analysis of mathematic model of optical path difference introduced by the lateral and axial eccentricities, the high-order approximation model of eccentricity error was deduced. A eccentricity correction method for small sphere curvature radius was proposed on the basis of Zernike polynomials fitting. The correction flow was provided for illustrating the detail, and the corresponding calibration method of relative parameters was given. An experiment for the surface topography of a microphere with a diameter of 2 mm was performed to verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the correction method. The experimental results relative to the standard profile data indicate that the proposed correction method offers the surface errors(peak-valley(PV) and root-mean-square(RMS) values) to be 0.081 5λ and 0.016 1λ, respectively, which are more excellent than that of the traditional methods. The method is able to meet the demand of high precise inspection of microspheres.

As the mechanic resonance of Piezoelectric Fast Steering Mirror (PFSM) degrades the correction width of an adaptive optics servo loop, this paper explores the method to improve the performance of the fast steering mirror in high-speed applications. On the basis of the dynamic model and measured data of the PFSM, a multi-order two-second digital filter was embedded in the Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) of the high-voltage driver. The digital filter could suppress or compensate the resonance point and the anti-resonance point at the same time. As a whole with the PFSM, the optimized frequency response of the high-voltage driver flattens the magnitude response,avoids undesired resonance behavior and improves the control bandwidth. As compared with that of traditional high-voltage drivers, experimental results with the proposed high-voltage driver show that the control bandwidth of the system is effectively improved from 56 Hz to 80 Hz at the same overshot, and also the error rejection at low frequency is enhanced. The high bandwidth high-voltage driver with a plant characteristic compensator is more attractive to drive the PFSM in high-speed applications.

To release electrolysis products and refresh electrolyte greatly within a machining gap, a welding preparation process of Micro Nested Hollow Electrode (MNHE) for micro electrochemical machining (ECM) was researched. The flow characteristics of the MNHE were simulated and analyzed to optimize its length, then, the performance test and machining experiments for the MNHE were performed. The MNHE was prepared through threading, bonding, nested size & position adjusting and welding process. The front section of the MNHE was machined into a inner diameter of 65 μm, an outer diameter of 130 μm and a length about 3.25 mm, while its rear section was convenient for clamping and connectivity. The flow rate for outlet of the MNHE could reach up to 10 m/s under fluid supplying pressure of 1.15 MPa. Finally, experiments on micro ECM holes were carried out by utilizing the prepared hollow electrode. Micro holes with the minimum inlet diameter of 157 μm and outlet diameter of 133 μm were achieved on 0.5 mm thick stainless steel. A micro T-shaped groove with 554 μm length, 160 μm width, and 224 μm depth was also milled. Experimental results indicate that the MNHE effectively improves the flow characteristics of the electrolyte within the machining gap, and it is suitable for electrochemical machining of micro structures with high aspect ratio for its easy clamp and reliable connectivity/conductivity, .

On the basis of permanent magnet Magnetorheological Finishing (MRF) machine, a magnetorheological finishing method by combining a 4-axis machine with a variable removal function was developed to figure the sphere surface in a raster path. The principle of equal area observed on the raster path and the dwell time algorithm based on matrix multiplication computation were discussed. A mechanical compensating strategy based on the 4-axis machine was analyzed, including machine compensating and algorithm compensating of the variable removal function. By using water based magnetorheological fluid with the polishing powder of cerium oxide, a polishing experiment on a convex made of BK7 material with a diameter of 80 mm and curvature radius of 800 mm was carried out. The experiments show that error values( PV and RMS) have been converged from 117.47nm and 22.78 nm to 60.80 nm and 6.28 nm respectively with just one polishing cycle (5.5 min). The result demonstrates that strategy of variable removal function compensating based on the 4-axis machine can effectively figure the sphere and asphere surfaces determinately by the MRF, which reduces the cost of the MRF machine, and pushes its applications to the the usual optical shop.

By using electronic generative metrology, an hourglass hob measuring machine is developed based on the measuring principle of cylindrical-coordinate system. In the control of three moving axes, the machine allows a probe to move along the measuring path controlled by a closed loop system to obtain the data and implement the measurement. The working principle and constitution of the machine are introduced. The machine is based on a horizontal structure and consists of a granite base, a precision spindle, sliding guides and a closed-loop control system. An hourglass hob measuring software is developed to measure each deviation of the hourglass hob precisely. The practical measurement results indicate that the machine can inspect the cutting edge helix deviation, cutting edge tooth profile deviation and the circular pitch deviation, and the measurement uncertainties are 2.35 μm,2.45 μm and 2.94 μm，less than one third of the tolerances of the deviations in GB/T6084-2001, respectively. It satisfies the requirement of hourglass hobs with accuracy class AA for high precision measuring of each deviation and verifies the function and stabilization of the measuring machine. The machine can measure the hourglass worm, cylindrical worm and the cylindrical hob as well.

A detection support structure was designed to meet the need of a large-aperture off-axis rectangular mirror at an optical axis horizontal situation. Structure parameters were optimized to minimize the surface shape error caused by the detection support structure. Through comparing different cascaded multipoint lever support structures, a two-point support structure with simple structure, good extensibility and adjustment was chosen. Then,an integrated simulation and optimization method was used to analyze the trend curve of mirror surface shape changed with support interval and to obtain the optimized support interval. Finally, an interferometer combined with a compensator was used to measure the surface shapes corresponding to different support intervals and to verify the reliability of the simulation result. The result shows that the surface shape error caused by detection support structure reaches minimum at the support interval of 564 mm (RMS=8.26 nm), the trend curve obtained by simulation method agrees well with that obtained by the interferomety and shows a higher reliability. The method in this paper can be extended and applied to the design of detection support structure for other large aperture off-axis rectanglur mirrors, and can provide a foundation for off-axis Three Mirror Anastigmat (TMA) cameras.

Based on strain gradient theory, a characterization method to describe the constitutive relationship of an aluminum grating with the glass substrate is proposed. A mathematical model is established including the constitutive relationship of the glass substrate and the aluminum film parameters and the corresponding parameters are characterized. In order to verify the accuracy of the proposed constitutive relationship, the nano-indentation experiment of the 79 g/mm echelle aluminum grating is carried out. It proposes an assumption that the grating film and substrate materials have the size effect, then performs a nano-indentation experiment to verify the size effect and the substrate effect for the aluminum film. As compared with grating aluminium film experiments, the results on the nano-indentation under the conditions with and without substrates show the differences for 0.8 times in the direction of stress and 3 times in the direction of strain. A grating ruling experiment is also carried out, and the results indicate that the indentation experiment has an important guiding role for the ruling experiment. The research process and results show that theoretical analysis and two kinds of experiments can effectively help to analyze the grating ruling process and reduce the errors of grating ruling. The method provides a good theoretical guidance for the process of the grating ruling.

A high precision two dimension angle adjustable mechanism based on a fine actuator and a slider-crank mechanism was designed to implement the fine alignment and automatic adjustment between Hartmann sensor and adaptive optical system in a 2 m diameter telescope. On the basis of the optical analysis, it points out that the mechanism needs ±1 ° adjustable amount and 6 " adjustable accuracy. Associating the use pattern of the actuator with the outline of the Hartmann sensor, main parameters of the adjustment mechanism were selected, the initial mechanism was designed and its accuracy and dynamic specialty were analyzed. Then, a detecting system for the mechanism was designed based on an autocollimator. The adjustable range and accuracy as well as the dynamic specialty were tested by the detecting system in the experiment. The results show that the adjustable angles on the pitch and azimuth directions are all about ±1.2° and the rotation angle accuracies in the pitch and azimuth directions are 0.43″ and 2.1″, respectively, which all satisfy the design requirements. The research results provide a foundation for high precision detection of Hartmann sensors.

A micro motion platform with a pair of flexible parallel six-bar linkages and larger bearing capacity was designed based on a right circular flexure hinge and its performance was tested. The rotational stiffness of the right circular flexure hinge was calculated by classical stiffness equation, then the stiffness equation of the platform with a pair of flexible parallel six-bar linkages in a motion direction was deduced. The dynamic model of the platform was established with Lagrange equation, and the analytical formula of natural frequency of the platform was deduced. The micro motion platform was designed and optimized and the parameters of the flexure hinge were optimized based on the static and dynamic characteristics. A test system for static and dynamic characteristics of the micro motion platform was established based on a laser interferometer and a laser Doppler vibrometer. The test results show that the error of stiffness is 6.5% between the theoretical value 7.92 N/μm and the experiment value 7.44 N/μm, and the error of nature frequency is 2.3% between the theoretical value 349.9 Hz and the experiment value 342.2 Hz. The displacements under no-load and the loading of 250, 500, 2 000, 2 250, 2 500 g indicate that the uneven loading has larger influence on the displacement of the platform. When the loading is 2 500 g, the effect by uniform loading is about five times as much as that of nonuniform loading. The max displacement of the platform is 56.59 μm. Moreover, the repeated accuracy of positioning is tested and the results indicate that the max displacement deviation is 0.896 μm on the voltage of 50, 100, 150 V. It concludes that the calculation models of the stiffness and natural frequency are correct and the max displacement and accuracy match the design demand.

To get the atmosphere images and data information with high spatio-temporal coverages and high vertical resolution, an opto-mechanical structure for the imager with two field of views and multiple channels was designed based on the environmental adaptability and accuracy requirements. In consideration of detection and position accuracy, a nadir and limb multiple-azimuth observation model was used in the optical system and corresponding mechanical structure. A flexible system was taken to allow the imager to operate at a temperature range of 45 ℃ normally. Duo to a larger temperature range, the precision positioning and cooling system for a CCD bare chip was constructed. To verify the feasibility of the opto-mechanical structure, the performance of the optical system in the imager was tested. The experimental results indicate that the spatial resolutions of the three optical channels are all better than 4 km under boundary temperature, which shows the imager can be used in limb and nadir detections. The imager shows its mass is 8.3 kg, the first order frequency is greater than 100 Hz, and the max stress is 52.5 MPa. The designed opto-mechanical structure is reasonable and compact, the opto-mechanical structure satisfies the requirements of strength, stiffness and target detection, and it is suitable for the space remote sensing.

An effective passive micromixer based on the T-shaped channel with periodic baffles mounted on the bottom of main channel was designed to enhance the mixing performance of the microfluidic system. Instead of complex spacial geometries, simple periodic geometric features were used to decrease the required mixing distances and time and to obtain remarkable mixing efficiency. With an orthogonal array, the effects of geometrical parameters on the mixing performance were studied by numerical simulations using commercial computational fluid dynamics code ANSYS CFX. A static Taguchi analysis was taken to evaluate the relative effectiveness of the geometrical parameters. The analysis results indicate that the relative effectiveness can be ranked as: the angle of attack(θ)>microchannel height(H)>baffle width(L)>baffle spacing(D). Based on the relative effectiveness of the geometrical parameters, an optimal parameter group selected are θ=75°, H=0.4Wm, L=0.7Wm, D=0.6Wm(here Wm is the channel width with a value of 200 μm). It demonstrates that the mixing performance of the micromixer with optimal parameter group is improved obviously, and a complete mixing(mixing index M is better than 95%) can be obtained when the Reynolds number Re is 54. The characteristics of the pressure drop depending on the geometrical parameters are also investigated, and the result shows that the selected θ affects the pressure drop in a similar way under different Reynolds numbers, so does the selected H and D.

In order to improve the tracing accuracy of infrared seeker and to reduce the influence imposed by the gas tube disturbances, a variable gain disturbance observer (VGDOB) is put up forward. First, based on the control system design platform of infrared seeker, disturbance characteristics is analyzed. Second, according to the characteristics of the gas tube disturbances and traditional disturbance observer theory, VGDOB is designed and its robust stabilization is also researched. Finally, experiment is implemented to restrain the gas tube disturbances by using the VGDOB. Experimental results indicate that with VGDOB, the velocity step response accuracy of the system is improved by 71.1%, and the position step response accuracy of the system is increased by 42.8%, while the traditional disturbance observer cannot compensate the gas tube disturbances. It can be concluded that the VGDOB can suppress the gas tube disturbances that exist in the infrared seeker effectively.

The active damping concept of a wind-tunnel model was researched and a parallel type active damper was designed based on the piezoelectric effect of a stacked piezoelectric ceramic actuator. According to sting support system and its aerodynamic characters, the sting damping principle was analyzed and the active anti-vibration structure with piezoelectric ceramic stack actuators was proposed based on the anti-vibration principle. Then, a real-time control system was equipped for the anti-vibration structure. Aiming at the characteristics of displacement hysteresis, a control program based on a PD regulator was proposed. Finally, a ground experiment platform was built and the hammering method and vibration method were utilized to do experiment for the active damper.The experimental results show that the active sting damper improves the damping ratio of the sting and shows higher damping vibration abilities on both pitch and yaw directions, especially on the pitch direction. When the damper is involved the system, the damping ratio of the system increases from 0.009 to 0.092 and the remained vibration amplitude is about 25%. The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness and feasibility of the sleeve-type active damper.

To improve the measurement accuracy of a binocular vision system for target points in remote 3D coordinates, the system structure was optimized, and a high precision coordinate measurement method for the binocular vision system was given. The influence of system structure parameters on the measurement accuracy was analyzed , then the feature target was placed in the monitoring area to calibrate two cameras. In measurement, the image information of obtained feature target was induced into the measuring model to do a calculation and to obtain the space 3D coordinate. The effects of the measuring accuracy of a leveling sensor and the system layout on the 3D coordinate measurement accuracy were analyzed and the error change trends were obtained. It suggests the accuracy of the leveling sensor should be ±0.1° and the system layout should be more reasonable, which will provide a reference for constructing a excellent binocular vision system. In application to monitoring the area with a diameter of 200 m, the results show that the relative error of the target points is less than 0.33%, which satisfies the system's requirement, and is convenient for system's layout as well as avoids the design blindness.

As existing large scale dynamic vision measurement systems based on large amount of data processing and computing have a lower data processing speed,a high speed and large scale dynamic vision measurement system was proposed. The parallel optimization techniques involving in the system such as target locating, code detecting, camera orientation and other systematic algorithms were researched. Firstly, time consumptions of corresponding key algorithms under different considerations were analyzed. Then, the traditional target centroid and code detecting algorithms were introduced, their parallelisms were analysis, and the fast target center location algorithm and code recognition algorithm under the general parallel architecture were put forward. Moreover, the implement methods of the two parallel algorithms were explained in detail. Finally, the Warp Atom Operation Optimization (WAOO) method for massive atomic operations was proposed. The experimental results under the same location precision and recognition rate show that the processing time is reduced by 42% and 91% for 300 and 20 000 targets respectively when the parallel algorithm is used to replace the traditional serial algorithm. The algorithms proposed in this paper are verified effective in accelerating the processing speed and improving the real-time problem in large scale vision measurement systems.

On the basis of video image captured by the cornea measuring instrument Corvis ST, this paper proposes an idea to improve the accuracy of distinguishing normal corneas from keratoconic corneas by extracting new feature parameters, Firstly, the original images were preprocessed by filtering and segmenting to detect the upper and lower boundaries of the cornea and calculate the curvature of anterior cornea. Then, the change of corneal curvature was analyzed by wavelet transformation method to obtain features related to the trend of corneal movement, including the trend of the whole corneal motion as well the norm and the standard deviation of corneal vibration. Furthermore, the feature parameters were extracted in succession and the optimal parameter was obtained by the minimum mean square error algorithm. The Support Vector Machine (SVM) was finally applied to distinction of normal corneas from keratoconic corneas. The experiment results on the frequency indicate that there are corneal vibrations along with the basic movement process. Besides, the proposed parameters are better than traditional parameters such as Deformation Amplitude (DA), Peak Distance(PD) at the highest concavity, which improves the accuracy, sensitivity and specificity by 10.2%, 5.7% and 6.9%, respectively. Moreover, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) is 0.948, close to unity. The automatic extracted feature parameters in this paper are able to improve the accuracy of classification between normal and keratoconic corneas and contribute to the clinical diagnoses.

For geometric distortion caused by squint imaging of a zoom aerial camera, an automatic simultaneously correction method for both squint trapezoidal distortion and nonlinear distortion of the zoom lens was proposed. Based on the same geometric type between straight line and its ideal projection image, the one-parameter division model was adopted to estimate the distortion coefficient and the distortion center coordinates at different focal lengths by an optimization searching method of variant step length. The effects of focal distance change on the distortion coefficient and distortion center coordinates were researched, then the lens's distortion was corrected to satisfy the ideal pinhole imaging model. By introducing the position and attitude of airplane and the pointing azimuth of the optical axis for the camera, the oblique aerial images specified in the camera frame were georectified into the mapping frame. The pixel intensity after coordinate transformation was resampled to obtain orthorectified images without the lens distortion and squint distortion. The correction experiments were performed for the distortion patterns captured under various focal lengths, positions and attitudes and the actual aerial zoom oblique images, and the results show that this method effectively and accurately corrects the geometric distortion of images. The Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of image geometric correction is about 2 m when the flight height is 2 500 m with the position and attitude measurement precision given in this article.The precision satisfies the requirements of the follow-up image mosaicing. It concludes that the method is more efficient, easy to realize in automation and has great signifiance for promoting aerial image mosaicing precision, implementing fast positioning and real-time tracking of moving objects.

In view of the threshold search difficulty in high-dimensional multilevel thresholding segmentation, a Biogeography-Based Optimization with Dynamic migration and salt & pepper mutation (BBOD) was proposed. Firstly, a dynamic migration operator was created, and it could add a dynamic disturbance factor to the feature values without migration occured in candidate solutions to increase the diversity of a population. Then,a new type of mutation operator was built to produce a salt and pepper disturbance for the feature values to be mutated,by which the local searching ability and convergence process of the algorithm were accelerated. Finally, the proposed BBOD algorithm was applied to the high-dimensional multilevel image thresholding segmentation based on minimum cross entropy. Experimental results show that BBOD is better in optimization performance and faster in operation speeds than standard BBO (Biogeography-Based Optimization)， BBOM(Biogeography-Based Optimization with Mutation),FFA(Firefly Algorithm)and CSA (Cuckoo Search Algorithm)，and its operation speed is 5 times as fast as that of FFA. The BBOD is fit to the threshold selection in the high-dimensional multilevel thresholding segmentation based on minimum cross entropy.

The effects of pixel level correction of Time Delay Integration CCD(TDICCD) on the Signal to Noise Ratio(SNR) and Modulation Transfer Function(MTF) are researched.A method to process the Pixel Response Non-uniformity ( PRNU) in a multi-tip TDICCD system is proposed based on radiometric calibration and ground management to improve the PRNU of the TDI-CCD designed. It removes Fixed Pattern Noise(FPN) of the image by the radiation calibration and corrects the strange dot in the image. By analysis of a transmitted image in real time, the pixel in the strange dot is processed and the PRNU can be managed on the ground surface in real time. Without modifying the hardware, the proposed system improves the image quality, and shows stronger correction ability for few bad pixels, low performance pixels or a few dusty pixels. By a comparison of imaging experiments, it concludes that this method corrects the SNR and MTF precisely. The correction precision has been achieved to 0.1 db(SNR) and 0.01(MTF) respectively. The image PRNU can be 1.25% when it is measured at saturation exposure of 50%. For a simpler structure, it has a better foreground in the future projects.

When traditional Tsai two-stage technique is used to calibrate a camera, its calibration accuracy will be limited by first-order radial distortion model. Therefore, a camera imaging model considering both radial distortion and tangential distortion is proposed, and a new method to solve the model is presented to improve the distortion correction accuracy. As the center of an image has a smaller distortion, the image center points are used to give a linear equation group and to calculate a part of parameters of the camera. Then camera parameters are taken into comprehensive distortion model to derive the initial values of distortion coefficients. As focal length and matrix's translation value can not be calculated directly when the calibration board's depth variation is small, the values have to be retaken to model and to be calculated.Then the converged solution is approached by two-stage iterative computation. Finally, the world coordinate system is converted by space geometric transform, perspective transform and imaging transform to obtain the pixel coordinate of the reprojective image. The calibration error is obtained by calculating the mean difference between re-projection pixel coordinates and actual measured pixel coordinates of each point. Experimental result indicates that the calibration method can offer the accuracy of 0.1149 pixel, which is better than Tsai's 0.3670 pixel with well repeatability.

An efficient algorithm was proposed to correct the image distortion caused by a resonant scanner in higher speed scanning and imaging systems of confocal or two-photon laser scanning microscopes. A model of scanning movement for the resonant scanner was established, the movement formula of the nonlinear scanning was deduced, so that the distortion equation of the image was obtained. Then, a Ronchi grating sample was imaged by canning, the multi peak Gauss fitting algorithm was designed to get all grating line widths. Those unequal line-widths were fitted into a distortion curve by least square method. Finally, the image correction was achieved through compressing or streching original image based on correction coefficients from the distortion curve. Experimental results indicate that the curve fitting correction algorithm reduces the maximum distortion and the relative distortion to 1/3 and 1/5 those of traditional one and the correction effect is twice as much as that of sinusodal correction method. The fitting correction algorithm does not need to add other light paths and segment edge images, so it shows good image efficiency and correction effect.

As tracking algorithms based on Intensity Variation Function(IVF) can track effectively rigid targets in Forward Look Infrared(FLIR) imagery, but can not satisfy the need of a pedestrian tracking for robustness, a novel pedestrian tracking algorithm based on modified IVF was proposed. The necessity of describing the thermal signatures of pedestrians with multiple hot spots in divided subregions was analyzed. Then, the hot spots were detected in a target window from frame to frame by the modified IVF and an adaptive update mechanism for a target window was established to solve the scale change. Finally, the motion feature descriptors based on hot spots were used to remove the outliers detected unaccurately in the background. Comparative experiments on challenging thermal scenes demonstrate that the proposed algorithm outperforms the state-of-the-art approaches in real-time performance by removing the template matching step of original algorithm and decreasing the matrix dimension of searching objects. Moreover, by better robustness against many visual tracking algorithms with the multiple hot spot strategy, it is suitable for the pedestrian tracking in FLIR imagery with the interference of occlusion, scale changed and lower contrast.

An infrared super resolution reconstruction system was proposed to acquire high resolution infrared images. A mathematical model was established according to the procedure of image acquisition. The effect of down-sampling, blurring, motion, and Gussian noise on the infrared system were discussed. Then, a non-degradation feature based sub-pixel motion estimation method was proposed. On the basis of obtained non-degradation, the normalized root of mean square was utilized to estimate the sub-pixel motion between two frames. Furthermore, drawbacks of the conventional total variation factor were analyzed and improved when it was applied in the reconstruction procedure. The region division method was used to divide the image into smooth regions and detail regions, then the new variational factor was able to adaptive to different regions according to their characteristics, and the detail regions could not be over-smoothed. Finally, the experiments on both synthetic and real infrared image sequences were performed by MM(Majorization Minimization). The results indicate that the maximum error of proposed algorithm is 0.09 pixel and the quality of the reconstructed image is better than those of the other algorithms. The proposed algorithm has higher sub-pixel registration accuracy and rich image details,and is able to reconstruct the sequence of low resolution infrared images efficiently.It is suitable for various infrared applications.

For the distortion caused by a secondary incline in optical design for a high dynamic dimming imaging system based on Digital Micromirror Device(DMD), this paper establishes a self-distortion correction model based on regioning. According to the optical path design characteristics of the high dynamic dimming imaging system, the reasons of distortion were analyzed. By taking the causes and features of different types of distortion models into account, a model was established based on distortion correction function region by combination with the characteristics of the system itself. To solve the problems of over-assignment or un-assignment in correction processing, a reverse correction method was used to solve the distortion parameters and to complement the distortion correction. Finally, the self-projection by DMD was used to calibrate the displaying template and to realize the design of self-distortion correction system. The experimental results show that the pixel error of system after correction is 0.87 pixel. As compared with the traditional correction model, the model overcomes the slope distortion, radial distortion and the eccentric distortion and the distortion correction process does not depend on external environment, so it has fast and reliable correction procedure and meets the requirements of high dynamic dimming imaging systems.