A toed-in integral imaging method is proposed to increase the three-dimensional(3D) viewing angle of integral imaging. The method contains a toed-in integral imaging 3D pickup process and a toed-in integral imaging 3D display process. In the toed-in 3D pickup process, the shooting angle of each micro-lens is not centrosymmetric anymore, and it is set based on the position of each micro-lens in the micro-lens array. The shooting angle of each micro-lens contains upper, lower, left and right shooting angles. In the toed-in 3D display process, the parameters for the 3D display are the same as the parameters in 3D pickup process and the pitch of the elemental image is larger than that of the micro-lens， by which the viewing angle of each micro-lens is converged together, and the 3D viewing angle is increased. In the simulating experiments, the 3D viewing angle of toed-in integral imaging is about 3.4 times of conventional one, in addition the crosstalk is eliminated as well. The experimental results verify the correctness of the theoretical analysis.

To improve the accuracy of Ritchey-Common test for a flat mirror, a new method to use the relationship between the system pupil coordinate and the test mirror coordinate to interpolate and fit the test mirror surface was proposed. On the basis of the least square method, the system defocus error and surface error in two test angles were detached to gain a more actual flat surface error. The simulation analysis shows that the test error can be controlled under λ/100(λ=632.8 nm). A flat mirror with a diameter of 40 mm was tested. In the test process, the test flat mirror was rotated with different angels and the wavefront was reconstructed through the relationship between coordinate mapping and amplitude conversion. The obtained results show that the RMS of the test mirror surface is 0.018 6 λ after detaching the defocus error of the system. As compared with the test RMS of 0.021λ from an interferometer, the residual error is 0.002 4 λ . Experiment results indicate that this error detaching method is valid and accurate in the Ritchey-Common test for flat mirrors.

For the requirements of a large area dynamic detection for the speckle interferometry with a large viewing filed, a carrier frequency speckle interferometric system based on 4f imaging is proposed. The imaging system includes a wide-angle lens and the 4f imaging lenses. The carrier frequency is introduced by a double-slit aperture and a prism is attached to generate an adjustable shearing image. The relation among the distance of slits, imaging length and the carrier frequency is analyzed. The statistical averaging speckle size in the 4f imaging system is also calibrated by the self correlation of speckle field. The analysis results show that the 4f imaging system combined with a double-slit in a seperation of 1 mm and a 0.5° prism can produce 2π/3 carrier frequency in the 80 mm focus length. The 16 mm and 6 mm wide-angle lenses combined with the 4f imaging system are used to measure a rubber sheet and to demonstrate the proposed method. The experimental results show that this system can enlarge the viewing field and complete a speckle interferometric system with view angles of 40°and 65°. It concludes that the proposed system can adjust the carrier frequency and shear distance separately and can extend the dynamic detection area in a high efficiency.

A concentration measuring system based on DSP video processing was established to monitoring dynamically two-dimensional concentration changes for solution. The refractive index changes of the solution were detected by a Mach-Zehnder interferometer, and the interferometric fringes were recorded by a CCD on site. Finally, a DSP was used to process the video images of interferometric fringes to obtain the solution concentration changes. Furthermore, both the hardware platform and the video-processing algorithm of the system were described in detail. The experimental test indicates that the system can provide quantitative measurement for a single-component solution and a multiple-component solution with one main component change. An experiment on potentiodynamic polarization of the electrode in the H2SO4 solution with a concentration of 0.5 mol/L at 2 mV·s-1 shows that the peak concentration of FeSO4 solution at the electrode/electrolyte interface is (9.2 ± 0.2)×10-3 mol/L when the iron electrode potential is -0.428 V. The system has high precision and strong stabilization in online testing and can be employed in measurement of the concentration changes of the solution in real time.

As the package structures of a sensor seriously interfere the strain responses measured by a Fiber-optic Bragg Grating(FBG), this paper focuses on the relationship of measured strain and true strain in the actual measurement. It establishes a strain transfer function for embedded FBG sensors and verifies the validity of the transfer function and the influence of different parameters on the measured strain. Firstly, based on mechanical characteristics of embedded FBG sensors, the shear stress distribution with a form of polynomial is presented, then the strain transfer function is established and verified by taking a numerical method and an experiment. Finally the influence of sensor length, cementation layer modulus and cementation layer thickness on the measured strain is analyzed. Experimental results indicate that the strain transfer function is valid. Moreover, the thinner the cementation thickness and the higner the cementation modulus are, the more convenient the strain transfer is. The strain transfer function satisfies the accuracy requirement of embedded FBG sensors because the calculation error is controlled within 5%, which is considered as a guidance for its practical application.

The effect of the polarization and intensity profile of an incident laser on the resolution of a Laser Scanning Confocal Microscope (LSCM) was investigated.According to the vectorial diffraction integral of Wolf and Richards, a model of the illumination Point Spread Function (PSF) of LSCM with N-1 interfaces was established to calculate and analyze the PSFs on the zero interface and two interfaces.The analysis shows that for the zero interface, the local Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM) of the PSF with circular polarization is 043 μm, which is rotationally symmetric in the xy plane, and the FWHMs along x axis and y axis of the PSF with linear polarization are 048, 039 μm,respectively in the x axis.As the filling parameters of a Gaussian light are 0, 1, 2, 5, the FWHMs of the PSF with circular polarization are 043, 047, 062 μm and 149 μm,respectively. For two interfaces, when the probe depth is 50 μm, the FWHM of the PSF with circular polarization is 026 μm, and the FWHMs along x axis and y axis of the PSF with linear polarization are 028,024 μm,respectively in x axis; for the filling parameters of 0,1,2,5, and the probe depth of 50 μm, the FWHMs of the PSF with circular polarization are 026, 028, 032 and 068 μm,respectively. Calculations metioned above show that the resolution of the circularly polarized light is better than that of the linearly polarized light in one direction, but it is worse than that of the linearly polarized light in the perpendicular direction. The PSF with the circularly polarized light is rotationally symmetric in the xy plane, therefore, a better image can be obtained. The smaller the filling parameter is, the better the resolution of LSCM is.

The relationship between stimulated Raman scattering characteristics and the polarization direction of a pump light was researched by taking an a-cut SrWO4 crystal which belongs to the tetragonal crystal system as a research object. Using a 532 nm light as the pump source and a single passing way as implementation, the anisotropy for the SRS’ gain of a-cut SrWO4 crystal was determined. The experimental results on the strongest Raman frequency shifting of 924 cm-1 come from the symmetrical stretching vibration of ［WO4］2-tetrahedron show that the gain coefficients appear two maximum values of 10.1 cm/GW and 14.2 cm/GW respectively when the pump light is polarized on a and c axes, and the gain coefficients present two of the same minimal values of 7.1 cm/GW when the pump light is polarized along the bisector of a and c axes. The results are interpreted using a Raman tensor and the nonpolar Raman scattering intensity theory, which demonstrates that experimental results in this paper are in good agreement with that of the theory.

Applications of the Long Range Surface Plasmon Resonance (LRSPR) technology from the SPRs are hard to be popularized because of its special film matching conditions, namely, the refractive index of the buffer layer must be similar to that of the tested sample. To improve the applicability of the traditional LRSPR technology, a symmetric LRSPR technology was proposed. A symmetric film structure ( buffer dielectric layer + metal film + buffer dielectric layer) was designed to break the limitations of the matching conditions and to further improve the penetration depth of electromagnetic field and the resonance peak depth. The symmetric film structure was analyzed theoretically, and an angular spectrum SPR detection system was built by using a Light Emitting Diode(LED) as the light source. The measuring system was used to measure the refractivity resolution of different glucose solutions, and the algorithm proposed was optimized. The results show that the refractivity resolution of the system can reach 6.1×10-7 RIU, the sensitivity is 1.22×105 pixel/RIU and a better linearity is obtained in a refractivity measuring range.

For the special requirements of the exciting source of a 87Rb based atomic clock for the miniaturization and high temperature conditions, a 795 nm Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser(VCSEL)corresponding to the Rb atom energy level transition was designed and fabricated. Firstly, the energy levels and material gains of the InAlGaAs/AlGaAs Multiple Quantum Wells (MQWs) were calculated by the k·p method to optimize the compositions and thicknesses of the quantum wells. Then, a Distributed Bragg Reflectors(DBRs) at 795 nm were designed and their reflection characteristics, longitudinal optical fields and averaged doping profiles were calculated and optimized using a one-dimensional transfer matrix method. Finally, the epitaxial structure of the 795 nm VCSEL with optimized MQWs and DBRs were grown on a GaAs substrate by Metal Organic Vapor Phase Epitaxy (MOVPE) and the oxide-confined 795 nm top-emitting VCSELs with unclosed-mesa structures were fabricated and characterized. Experimental results indicate that the packaged VCSELs can keep lasing under a cw current from 25 ℃ to 85 ℃ with power decreasing from 17 mW to 1.8 mW, the far field profiles are circular with a divergence angle of 15° and the temperature-shift of the lasing wavelength is 0.064 nm/℃. Moreover, the lasing wavelength moves to the wavelength required by 87Rb atoms at an ambient temperature of 52 ℃ and a current of 100 mA. The 795 nm VCSELs satisfy the basic requirements of 87Rb based miniaturized atom clocks for stable operation in a special wavelength and high-temperatures.

A measuring method for the internal stress magnitude and direction of glass was proposed based on the magneto-optical modulation and a stress measuring system was established. On the basis of the ray-tracing method, the system's measurement model was derived according to the Jones matrix describing manner of polarized light. Then, using a magneto-optical modulator, the signal beam was modulated with a sine alternation manner and the direct measurement of the light intensity signal in the traditional method was changed into the frequency signal measurement to improve the measurement veracity greatly. Furthermore, the human operator error was eliminated through a magneto-optical rotator, and the current for driving a coil outside the rotator was controlled to change the rotation angle of modulation signal light in the polarization direction. Finally, a number of rotating measurements to the sample were carried out. The experimental results indicate that the measurement veracities for stress direction, and the stress birefringence are 5" and 0.3 nm/cm, respectively. In conclusions, the system has the characteristics of high stability, high veracity and easy to be implemented in engineering applications.

On the basis of the traditional laser precision machining technologies for metal heart stents, a femtoseconds(fs) laser precision machining technology for a degradable heart stent was explored. By using the ultra-short pulse and ultra high peak power of the fs laser, the laser precision machining was implemented for the degradable heart stent made from the polylactic acid (PLA). A chair shaped bushing was designed to stabilize the laser focal spot position and the best bushing from focal precision machining was obtained to match with fs laser machining. By adjusting technological parameters, the shortcomings of the cutting edge carbonization caused by the characteristics of the material itself and the lower machining precision due to the unstable defocusing and focal spot position were overcome, and a nonmetal degradable heart stent method in a no heat precision machining was proposed. Finally, the feasibility of fs laser with chair-shaped bushing to machine a nonmetallic stent was described, the best machining parameters were determined, and a biodegradable stent sample without heat injury trimming and with a smooth band width consistency of ± 6 μ m was machined successfully.

For the accurate measurement of coating thicknesses for alkali vapor cells in atomic spinning devices, a measurement method based on Frustrated Total Internal Reflection (FTIR) was proposed. A coating thickness measuring system was established and experimental tests were performed. The phenomenon of FTIR and the principle of coating thickness measurement based on the FTIR were analyzed. And the main factors impacting the measuring accuracy of the system were analyzed and several solutions were given. Furthermore, the performance of the system was evaluated by analyzing and simulating the effects of the wavelength fluctuation, change of laser incident angle, and other inaccurate refractive indexes on the measured results. Finally, the thickness measuring experiment using the system and a check experiment using a film analyzer were carried out for the coating sample. Experimental results indicate that data from the FTIR system generally have a deviation about 2.6 nm. But the system can measure coating thickness exactly with a precision about 1 nm after the deviation compensated, which can satisfy the requirement of evaluation of coating qualities for alkali vapor cells under high stability and reliability.

A valve-less piezoelectric pump with a Hemisphere-segment Bluff-body(HSBB) was designed by using a piezoelectric bimorph as exciting source. The structure and working principle of the piezoelectric pump were analyzed theoretically, then the finite element software was employed in simulating the flow fields of the pump. The theoretical analysis show that the positive and negative flow resistances of the pump are unequal, so the HSBBs can be used as no-moving parts in the pump. Finally, a sample pump based on the HSBB was fabricated and a series of HSBBs with different radiuses were produced. Some experiments on flow resistances and output flow rates of the pump were performed. The experiment results indicate that the time difference between the positive and negative flows decreases with increasing the pressure difference. The maximum flow rate of the pump obtained is 121.4 ml/min under a operating frequency of 17 Hz and the HSBB's radius of 4.0 mm. Moreover, the experiments give a relationship that the flow rate of the pump increases with the decreasing size of HSBB's radius during the unit time under keeping the peak-to-peak voltage of 150 V, which has a greater influence on the working efficiency of the pump.

Large aperture optical detection equipment has the shaky with its elevation angle changing when the support point of primary mirror changes. This paper studies how to compensate the measuring errors caused by the primary mirror shaking and to improve the static measuring accuracy of the large aperture optical detection equipment. Firstly, the supporting structure and mechanic model of a 1m diameter telescope were presented. Then, a new error compensation method for the large aperture telescope was proposed based on the analysis of the traditional three axis error compensation method and spherical harmonic error compensation method. The calibration experiments for the optical detection equipment was performed. By selecting 32 stars whose refractions had been revised, the error of each system was solved to obtain the primary mirror shaking error and the three axis difference. As comparison with the traditional error compensation method, it shows that the static measurement accuracy of the telescope has increased from 15.4 "to 2.5 after the shaking error of the primary mirror is compensated. It concludes that the physical meaning of this method is clear, and each error component has good repeatability. It improves the static precision of large aperture telescope by compensating the shaking errors of primary mirror.

To measure the bandwidth of a digital closed-loop accelerometer, the electricity simulation method in GJB1037A-2004 was investigated. First, some drawbacks of measuring the bandwidth of the digital closed-loop accelerometer by using the electricity simulation method in GJB1037A-2004 were discussed. Then, the detection circuit and the closed-loop control system of the digital closed-loop accelerometer with an excitation signal were analyzed. The analysis shows that the effect of excitation signal added into a feedback circuit is equivalent to an input analog acceleration in the input end and the dynamic model of the digital closed-loop accelerometer is consistent with the dynamic model of the traditional mechanical system. Finally, a method which adds the excitation signal at the feedback circuit of the digital closed-loop accelerometer to measure the bandwidth of the accelerometer was proposed. Experimental results indicate that the -3 dB bandwidth data of the digital closed-loop accelerometer is about 320 Hz, which is close to theoretic data (345 Hz). The proposed method has the features of higher accurate, less error sources and convenient to test in online ,and can satisfy the bandwidth testing requirement of most digital closed-loop accelerometers.

Because Electromechanical Actuator (EMA) is a nonlinear, time-varying servo system, this paper proposes an improved Active Disturbance Rejection Controller(ADRC) to improve the tracking performance of the EMA. First, the mathematical model and control strategy of the EMA were presented and the nonlinear factors influencing the performance of EMA were analyzed by the control theory. Then, the improved ADRC was described and the method to select parameters were given by modern control theory. Furthermore, the feasibility of this controller was demonstrated through a simulation under different input conditions. Finally, the performance of PI controller, ADRC, and improved ADRC was compared by experiments on a harmonic drive EMA servo system. Experimental results indicate that the improved ADRC controller can remove the position flat crest and velocity dead space, and its phase error is 0.087 22 rad when the angular position signal of 10 sin(5 πt) is tracked. Furthermore, the rise time, overshoot and the steady state mean square deviation of EMA system are 9-18 ms, 0-7.25%, 0.007 60-0.010 83, respectively, when ±1°-±15°angular positions are tracked. These results means that the performance of the improved ADRC is better than those of the PI controller and traditional ADRC. It has a fast response, slight overshoot and high accuracy in stability, as well as strong anti-disturbance and robustness.

A digital drive closed-loop method with gain compensation was proposed to improve the stability of scale factor for a micro-machined gyroscope. The working principle of the micro-machined gyroscope was analyzed and the analysis results on the dynamic equation show that in order to improve the stability of the scale factor, the stability of drive-mode vibration speed of the gyroscope should be improved. However, the stability of drive-mode vibration speed of the gyroscope is dependent on the stability of gain of a C/V conversion circuit in the drive closed-loop. Therefore, a gain compensation algorithm was proposed and the digital drive closed-loop with gain compensation was designed by combining with a automatic gain control loop and a phase locked loop. Simulation results show when the gain of C/V conversion circuit changes 7.4% in relative, the amplitude of vibration velocity changes from 7.29% without gain compensation to 0.12% with gain compensation. Experiment results indicate that the temperature coefficient of scale factor within -40℃ to 60℃ is reduced by 90% after gain compensation. It verifies that the digital drive closed-loop with gain compensation can significantly improve the stability of scale factor for the micro-machined gyroscope.

To adapting to the execrable working conditions of a dynamic platform, a large-diameter Fast Steering Mirror(FSM) with a rigid support structure was designed. Firstly, the lightweight reflector, actuators, angle measurement elements,and the support structure of FSM system were designed and selected on the basis of the applied requirement of a vehicle theodolite for FSMs respectively. Then ,the reflector was lightweighted and the mode of support base was analyzed by finite element method. The moving parts of the FSM were connected with static parts by a spherical hinge and its main loads were carried out by the support base through the hinge indirectly. The design allows the FSM to bear large loads and to be suitable for the poor working conditions. Finally, the control system of FSM was constituted, and its control bandwidth and pointing precision were tested. The test result shows that the control bandwidth is 67 Hz, moreover , its pointing precisions for azimuth and pitching are 1.0″, and 1.1″, respectively. These data prove that the control system is stable and practical and can satisfy application requirements of vehicle platforms.

When polarization axes of Polarization Maintaining Fibers (PMF) are detected by micro-vision methods in PMF alignment, the rotation axes of fibers must be in the focal plane of the microscope. Therefore, a coaxial adjustment system was designed to adjust the relative position of the fiber to a motorized rotation stage. The distance between the fiber core and the center of rotation stage was detected by the micro-vision and the precise motion of motorized linear stage, and then, based on the image information, the two-dimensional manual linear stages were used to perform the adjustment. After the adjustment, the coaxial error was computed theoretically.Based on the micro-vision,an adjustment system was designed for the experiments.The Cartesian coordinate system was established by taking the center of the motorized rotary stage as the origin. Then, the equation of the straight line of the fiber center and its intercept were obtained by image processing and the least square method, further the distance between fiber center and rotary stage was determined. Moreover, the gray-scale difference function based on image threshold was taken as a sharpness function, and the influence of white noise was effectively eliminated. Experimental results show that the coaxial error between the fiber and the rotary stage is 3 μm after adjustment, which proves that the system can be applied to the detection of the optical fiber polarization axis.

An existing Wireless Power Transmission (WPT) system based on electromagnetic inductive coupling for Video Capsule Endoscopes (VCE) was optimized, which focused on improving its energy transmission system. A portable WPT platform was presented with the detailed information about system optimization. The proper structure of transmitting coil was selected through comparing magnetic density and uniformity, then the transmission frequency of the system was chosen in terms of analyzing the resonance principle and testing the quality factors (Q-factor). The frequency stability was improved using an adjustable inductance in series with the transmission circuit, and the transmitting current fluctuation along with the frequency was measured. The experiments show that the optimized WPT system can transmit an output power of 78.4 mW for the VCE, in stable and reliable functions. During experiments, the VCE produces clear images with a resolution of 320 × 240 at a frame rate of 30 frames per second. The feasibility of VCE for the clinical applications has been improved as the portable energy transmission system has a higher transmission efficiency and stability and can support the VCE to work continuously in a higher resolution and frequency.

This paper researches how to design the suspended ground electrode of an electrowetting-on-dielectric(EWOD)based device, because most of the existing investigations for the efficiency of single-plate EWOD device were carried out by means of numerical simulations and lack of experimental results.Then,it coampares,the driving effectiveness for a liquid droplet by the proposed EWOD device with suspended ground electrode and a traditional bipolar plate device. Based upon the theory of the EWOD,the dielectric, deriving EWOD force and each resistive force of the droplet holding between the bipolar plates were derived, and the forces of the droplet sitting on the single-plate EWOD device were analyzed. Then,the forces were compared between the bipolar plate device and the single-plate EWOD device. Finally, the driving characteristics of the droplet were tested via the fabricated EWOD device. The experimental results show that the driving voltage of single-plate is more low, and its velocity is more faster than that of the bipolar plates; the velocity of 1 μＬ droplet can be 15 cm/s when the driving potential is 44 VRMS.In conclusion, the obtained experimental results validate the feasibility of the single-plate EWOD device with suspended ground electrode for its faster velocity and low driving potential.

On the basis of traditional anisotropic diffusion filtering algorithm, an adaptive gradient threshold based anisotropic filtering algorithm is proposed to suppress the infrared complex background, filter out the noise effectively and enhance the infrared dim target. According to the local features of a image and its gradient features in different directions , the algorithm can determine the point of a pixel to be a noise or an image, and can point out the point of the pixel to be in the smooth region or the edge region. Based on above, it proposes a method to calculate the gradient threshold (K value) of the edge function adaptively and to solve the shortcoming that the K value is fixed and single in the edge function of the traditionall anisotropic filtering algorithm. This experiment shows that this algorithm increases the denoising function, suppresses complex background effectively, and enhances Signal to Noise Radio(SNR) of the image by 2 times as compared with that of the original anisotropic filtering algorithm and other background suppression algorithms.

As Pattern of Oriented Edge Magnitude (POEM) method can not acquire enough feature description information in illumination condition changes drastically, this paper analyzes the characteristic of relative gradient magnitude images and proposes a Relative Gradient Histogram Feature(RGHF) description method. The method decomposes the relative gradient magnitude image into several sub images according to the orientations of gradient. Each of these sub images is then filtered and encoded by using Local Binary Patterns(LBPs). Finally, all the encoded LBP histogram features are connected by a lexicographic ordering and are reduced to a low-dimensional subspace to form the RGHF, which is an illumination robust low-dimensional histogram feature. Experimental results on FERET and YaleB subsets indicate when the illumination variation is relative small, the recognition performance of the RGHF is comparable with that of the POEM, superior to that of the LBP significantly. Moreover, when the illumination variation is drastic, the recognition performance of RGHF is at least 5% higher than that of the POEM, more better than those of the POEM and LBP.

To measure a variety of objects of an image and to reduce the detection time, an unsupervised object detection model was established to provide location priors. The model was mainly based on three image cues of a object, and they are saliency detection , color contrast and superpixel straddling. To determine the likelihood of image object contained in a window, the saliency scores of the three cues were calculated, and the saliency cues of the three objects were fused in a simple Bayesian framework by a machine learning center-surrounding proportion parameter. In experiments on the challenging PASCAL VOC 07 dataset, it shows that the detection rate is 28.94 % ,the hit rate is 96.99% and the combined measuring result is better than any cue alone. In experiments on MSRC dataset, it shows that the proposed model is generic and efficient ,the detection rate is 80.64 %, the hit rate is 99.10% and the average processing time is 40% less than that of Bogdan's model.These results from extensive field tests suggest that proposed model can provide better location priors to the object recognition and image segmentation where the location of object is unknown.

As traditional multi-focus image fusion methods can not effectively measure the partitioning focus regions in images, a novel algorithm by using super-resolution image reconstruction for multi-focus image fusion was proposed to solve the problem. The algorithm measured the in-focus and out-of-focus regions and performed the super-resolution image reconstruction for the clear area with sparse representation. Firstly, the spatial frequency method was used to extract the in-focus and out-of-focus regions in source images. Then, the main-clear and sub-clear parts within in-focus regions were identified and their real down-sampling scales for each part were calculated. Finally, the sub-clear parts were reconstructed in super-resolution through learning multi-scale sparse dictionaries and the fused image was obtained by combining the different parts of source images. The experimental results show that the proposed method can provide clear images and better facus performance. As compared with the conventional methods, such as Harr wavelet, Nonsubsampled Contourlet Transform (NSCT), and shearlet transform,the proposed method enhances its Entropy (EN) and Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) by 1%,and 0.62dB, respectively, the clarity (SP) and spatial frequency (SF) by 30%, and the Mean Square Error (MSE) is decreased by about 6%.

For video images with large-scale moving foreground objects and rotation jitters, a new fast digital image stabilization algorithm was proposed. According to the poor robustness of the existing circular-projection algorithm to estimate video's rotation jitter with large angles, several modifications for existing circular-projection algorithm was performed to improve the accuracy in the projection correlation matching.As the jitter videos contain larger or much more moving foreground objects, a novel Adaptive Block-selected Matching Algorithm (ABSMA) based on image bit-plane pyramid was proposed to determine the optimal block selection mode according to statistical characteristics of block matching results and to effectively reduce moving foreground objects on global motion estimation. Finally, an adaptive compound filter using the frame grouping and mean filter with a limiting magnitude was introduced, which could not only correct the inter-frame motion estimation error by limiting filter, but also could determine a filtering window to achieve better smoothness of motion by an adaptive frame grouping. Experimental results show that modified circular-projection algorithm has significant effect on improving the accuracy and robustness of image stabilization and the ABSMA can accurately estimate motion parameters of jitter videos with larger or more moving foreground objects. The proposed algorithm is also suitable for the jitter videos without rich gray features and its mean Peak Signal-to-noise Ratio(PSNR) can reach 31.08 dB.

As the model fused a linear model and a nonlinear model is beneficial to digital image filtering, this paper explores a generalized autoregressive model on the basis of Weierstrass theory for image adaptive filtering. The model fuses both linear and nonlinear autoregressive models into a uniform expression and simulation experiments verify that the model can fit both conventional linear and nonlinear autoregressive models well. By using a bi-vector instead of a scalar parameter, the bi-dimensional expression of the model is deduced, then a generalized M-estimator is chosen to estimate parameters by a contrast analysis. The experimental results indicate that the proposed algorithm has a fast convergence speed, the average iterations are no more than 6 times and the computing time for linear model and quadratic model is 150 s and 418 s respectively. Moreover,it can remove image noises while conserve detailed image information effectively.

A novel method to monitoring the internal temperature of a power battery was proposed based on the Electrical Resistance Tomography(ERT) to complement the temperature measurement in online and to insure the safety of the power battery. Through introducing the Wenner-Schlumberger model in the ERT, the relationships between the internal temperatures and the resistivity of power battery were deduced. And by using the smoothness-constrained least-square method to invert the images of multi-electrode tomographic detection data, the internal abnormal temperature regions were monitored dynamically and a test platform was established. To validate the reliability of this new method, an intersection region model was established to analyze the static distribution of internal resistivity of the power battery. Then, dynamic resistivity distribution was analyzed in five different temperatures. The analysis shows that the color ribbon difference in the inversion image increases by 2.5 times in 45.5 ℃ as compared to those of other four tests, especially at coordinates (0.047, 0.000 5), which changes significantly. Finally, dynamic tracking critical temperature in mutational area shows that the resistivity rebounds suddenly at 0.173 Ω·m, which indicates that a mutation occurs in the battery. These results demonstrate that the proposed method not only offers a visual and reliable monitoring result of internal temperature changes for the power battery, but also can provide a new research pathways for the power battery, such as safety characteristics, life prediction, and load control.

In consideration of the effect of global motion estimation algorithm on the real-time performance and the accuracy of a electron stabilization system, a digital image stabilization algorithm based on the improved Noble feature matching was proposed. The algorithm was composed of four steps: preselecting regions, feature matching, solving parameters and motion compensation. Firstly, the global consistency of the background pixels was used to eliminate the unreliable regions, and the adaptive threshold was added into the traditional Noble feature extraction process to ensure the features uniformly distributed in the retained image regions. Then, the neighborhood gradient information of the feature point was used to build the feature descriptors and to get the rough match sets. At the same time, the ratio of the closest neighbor to second-closest neighbor and the mean space distance criteria were both used to optimize the match sets. Furthermore, the global motion parameters were solved. Finally, the Kalman filter was used to get the true shaky components to compensate the images. Matlab experimental results indicate that the algorithm can increase the peak signal-to-noise ratio more than 2 dB, and it is especially excellent when the rotation angle is less than 5 °. In conclusion, the algorithm can stabilize video images quickly and accurately.

A method to compensate the orthogonality deviation of the Moire fringe photoelectric signal was proposed to improve the accuracy of a photoelectric rotary encoder. Based on Hilbert transform theory, a dynamic measurement algorithm for the orthogonality deviation of same frequency photoelectric signal was constructed. In the light of the mathematical model for Moire fringe photoelectric signal, the influence of orthogonality deviation on subdivision precision was analyzed and an angle compensation model was set up. According to the working principle of the encoder, a synchronous processing mode was adopted to compensate the photoelectric signal and update dynamically the lookup table for angle codes simultaneously; by the switching of subdivision lookup table, the orthogonality deviation for the photoelectric signal was compensated in real time. Finally, a 23-bit photoelectric encoder with 18° orthogonality deviation was compensated using this method. Experimental results show that the peak value of subdivision error of the encoder has reduced from 4.79" to 1.26 " after compensation. This method can actually be used in an encoder system and it can improve the subdivision accuracy, environmental adaptability and the reliability of encoders.

To quickly realize the autofocus of a simple image and further improve the efficiency of automated part fabrication, a novel fast focusing algorithm was proposed according to the characters of images with single and clear backgrounds and foregrounds. Firstly, a series of part images including their position information were acquired. Then, all variance grey span values of target edges in each image were calculated automatically and the minimum span value of the clearest image was found quickly. Finally, the position information of the clearest image was feedbacked to a hardware driving system to complete the autofocus.An experiment on several parts with different shapes or materials was performed and obtained results were compared with that of the classic optimal focus function.The experimental results on those images added with salt-and-pepper noises demonstrate that the new algorithm is not only more sensitive but also has stronger unimodality and stronger anti-noise ability than those of classic optimum algorithms.Moreover,its computing speed is more than 30% faster than that of the fastest absolute gradient function. It concludes that the novel algorithm is robust and can be better used for a fast focus on simple scenes.

An approach to optimize the aerospace software test cases based on the requirement coverage is researched in this paper to improve the efficiency of the software testing and increase the effectiveness of aerospace software testing. It is composed of the reduction and design of test cases, and has been used in a test of aerospace project. Firstly,the characteristics, testing process, and optimization techniques of aerospace software are analyzed. Then, a method to reduce test requirements is improved to simplify the test requirements. Furthermore, a design of test cases based on the correlative keywords of requirements is given, and the requirement coverage is achieved. Finally, the optimizing approach is applied in the test of aerospace software. The results of application show that the method can not only satisfy the demand of requirement coverage, but also make the workload of designing test cases reduce by 39%. The method ensures testing adequacy, and improves the test efficiency greatly.

A flame image segmentation method was proposed based on reciprocal cross entropy threshold selection and bee colony optimization to improve the segmented accuracy. By using the minimum reciprocal cross entropy as the threshold selection criteria, the drawback of an undefined value at zero in Shannon entropy definition was avoided. At the same time, the 2D histogram oblique segmentation was taken to partition the object and background precisely to improve the anti-noise performance. By which, only one threshold instead of two thresholds needs to be searched, and the running time is reduced. In addition, the bee colony optimization was applied to acceleration of the process to find the optimal threshold to further improve the real-time performance of this algorithm and increase the algorithmic speed by 80%-140%. Finally, a large number of experiments on flame images were processed and then the experimental results were compared with the maximum Shannon entropy method based on 2D histogram oblique segmentation and the maximum reciprocal entropy method based on 2D histogram oblique segmentation and Niche Chaotic Mutation Particle Swarm Optimization (NCPSO). The obtained results show that the proposed method has obvious advantages in segmentation effects and has better anti-noise ability and real-time performance for flame images.