Cytoskeleton plays an important role in plant cells and their movements, developments, and so on. With MS culture medium, the present paper cultured GFP-fused Arabidopsis thaliana in asepsis condition, which completed its whole lifecycle in the lab, starting from germination, going through plant growth, blossom, and ending at fructification. During this process, the authors used two-photon laser scanning microscopy (TPLSM) which was suitable for 4D observation on large, thick, live samples to observe cytoskeleton in seed, root tip, vessel and root hair of the Arabidopsis thaliana. Dynamic root tip growth as well as the growing speed was also observed. Applying IAA to the Arabidopsis thaliana, the authors found that the growing speed of root tip was enhanced by about 3.8 times.

Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) technique has a wide range of applications including illicit drugs and explosive detection, and organic molecules recognition. In the present paper, the spectral features of three kinds of Hotan jade were studied experimentally by THz-TDS technique and the characteristic absorption spectra and refractive index were obtained in the range of 0.2 to 2.6 THz. The experimental results show that different samples have different absorption characters, and the refractive index is 2.4-2.7 in the range of 0.2-2.6 THz. The results indicate that it is feasible to apply THz-TDS technique to identification of Hotan jade, which provides a new approach to the nondestructive examination of Hotan jade.

In order to improve laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for low-level elements testing capability, the enhancement effects of KCl additive on the emission spectra of soil samples were studied. The laser spectrum analytical system is composed of a high-energy neodymium glass laser ablating samples, a multifunctional and automatic scanning spectrometer, and a CCD data acquisition system recording plasma spectra. The electron temperature and electron density of plasmas were calculated by measuring spectral line intensity and stark broadening respectively. The experimental results showed that with the increase in the KCl additive, the spectral intensity, signal-to-background ratio, the electron temperature and the electron density all went up firstly and then down. When 15% KCl was added, the radiation intensity of plasma reached the maximum value, the spectral lines intensity of element Mn, Fe, and Ti increased by 2.23, 1.13 and 2.04 than that without additive respectively, the spectral signal-to-background ratio increased by 1.33, 0.89 and 0.94 times respectively; while the electron temperature and electron density of plasmas were heightened by 14% and 38% respectively.

Based on fluorescence and absorbance spectroscopy, the photophysical properties and mechanisms of novel organic europium (Ⅲ) complexes in the case of different concentration in ethanol solution and solid flour were studied at room temperature. It was found that the complex absorption spectra are mainly due to the Phenanthroline ligand, gradually exhibit saturated absorption from shortwave to long wave with the concentration increased, and stretch and broaden to long wave. And four characteristic peaks of the fluorescence spectra are all emission spectra of Eu3+ in the complex, and the strongest emission wavelength was 617 nm corresponding to the ５Ｄ０→７Ｆ２ transition of Eu3+. And then, it is presented that the perturbation of acetanil ligand changes the parity state of Eu3+ energy field, resulting in the increase of ５Ｄ０→７Ｆ２ transition probability, making phenanthroline transfer its energy absorbed to Eu3+, and inducing 617nm strong emission of fluorescence peak.

To study the combustion reaction kinetics of homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) under different port injection strategies and intake temperature conditions, the tests were carried out on a modified single-cylinder optical engine using chemiluminescence spectroscopic analysis. The experimental conditions are keeping the fuel mass constant; fueling the n-heptane; controlling speed at 600 r·min-1 and inlet pressure at 0.1 MPa; controlling inlet temperature at 95 ℃ and 125 ℃, respectively. The results of chemiluminescence spectrum show that the chemiluminescence is quite faint during low temperature heat release (LTHR), and these bands spectrum originates from formaldehyde (CH2O) chemiluminescence. During the phase of later LTHR-negative temperature coefficient (NTC)-early high temperature heat release (HTHR), these bands spectrum also originates from formaldehyde (CH2O) chemiluminescence. The CO—O* continuum is strong during HTHR, and radicals such as OH, HCO, CH and CH2O appear superimposed on this CO—O* continuum. After the HTHR, the chemiluminescence intensity is quite faint. In comparison to the start of injection (SOI) of -30 °ATDC, the chemiluminescence intensity is higher under the SOI=-300°ATDC condition due to the more intense emissions of CO—O* continuum. And more radicals of HCO and OH are formed, which also indicates a more intense combustion reaction. Similarly, more intense CO—O* continuum and more radicals of HCO and OH are emitted under higher intake temperature case.

The dependence of opto-electronical characteristics in organic light-emitting devices on the thickness of Alq3 emitter layer was studied, where MoO3, NPB, and Alq3 were used as hole injector, hole transporter, and emitter/electron transporter, respectively. By increasing the thickness of Alq3 layer from 20 to 100 nm, the device current decreased gradually, and the EL spectra of devices performed a little red shift with an obvious broadening in long wavelength range but a little decrease in intensity of short wavelength range. The authors simulated the EL spectra using the photoluminescence (PL) spectra of Alq3 as Alq3 intrinsic emission, which coincided with the experimental EL spectra well. The simulated results suggested that the effect of interference takes the major role in broadening the long wavelength range of EL spectra, and the distribution of emission zone largely affects the profile of EL spectra in short wavelength range.

Near infrared transmission spectroscopy of Whole blood are investigated with different thickness(0.5, 1, 2, 4 mm)in order to explore the feasibility of detecting alanine aminotransferase rapidly by near-infrared spectra. The results show that the whole blood sample with 0.5 mm thickness is more suitable for spectral analysis. And then Near infrared spectroscopy of 176 samples were collected. Multiplicative scatter correction and second-order differential method have been used to spectral pretreatment. Stepwise multiple linear regression method and partial least squares regression method have been employed to establish quantitative detection model to predict content of alanine aminotransferase in whole blood. The alanine aminotransferase measured presents best result in calibration and prediction by Near-Infrared Spectroscopy with partial least squares regression calibration model, and the calibration correlation coefficient, the standard error of calibration and the standard error of prediction are 0.98, 2.42 and 7.22 respectively.

The lake sediments record important environmental evolution information of lake in recent 100 years. However, a rapid and precise combination analytical method measuring nutrient components in lake sediments can not be established. The near infrared reflectance spectra (NIRS) of sediment coring samples were determined by near-infrared reflectance spectrometry. The respective near NIRS calibration models for predicting total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN), total organic carbon (TOC) and total phosphorus (TP) were built first in China using partial least squares (PLS) algorithm with six spectral pretreatment tools including first-order derivate, wavelet denoise, orthogonal signal correction (OSC), wavelet denoise combining orthogonal signal correction (OSC), first-order derivate combining orthogonal signal correction (OSC), and orthogonal signal correction (OSC) combining wavelet compression. The results showed that although NIR all calibration models can not well predict TOC, the first-order derivate combining OSC spectral calibration model had a good prediction for TC and TN, and for TP OSC spectral calibration model was good. The correlation coefficients between measuring values and predicted values in validation set for TC, TN and TP were 0.76, 0.87 and 0.81, respectively. RMSEP(Root mean square error of the prediction)for TC, TN and TP were 0.13%, 0.008 2% and 0.012%, respectively. The study has an important significance of driving the domestic researches on spectroscopy characteristic of lake sediments and establishment of rapid analytical technique determining nutrient components of lake sediments.

For a quick and noninvasive examination of the tongue for potential hepatitis patients, a study was conducted on the relation between the reflectivity of near infrared spectrum on the tongues of the healthy people and the hepatitis patients. Spectral data, 25 items for each case, are to be collected from the left and right side tongue, left and right sublingual venae, and tip of the tongue from the healthy people and the hepatitis patients. Then a three-layer neural network structure was established with all the data input after normalization reflectivity pretreatment. With the establishment of a BP neural network model, 40 data from each part of the body were selected as training samples. The rest 10 were adopted for prediction, which later was proved to be 100% correct with relative deviation values of less than 0.2. The research findings show that the proposed application of BP neural network in the spectral noninvasive examination of the tongue for identification of different case diagnosis is important for reference.

Water fogs system can mightily attenuate the infrared spectrum, so more and more attention has been paid to this problem in military. Based on the Mie theory, the collective characteristic of the particles forward scattering was analyzed. The near forward scattering ratio was defined, also the particle size and scattering DBC case were confirmed when the Lambert-Beer'law was applied. A mass of calculation revealed that the visual extinction coefficient calculated with the combined parameter p=x·θ was not accurate, and that the near forward scattering ratio was in direct proportion to both the particle size and scattering angle in the band of middle and far infrared. When the infrared wavelength was fixed, the near forward scattering ratio was in direct proportion to the particle radius. Finally, according to the law of forward scattering, two experiential functions whose variables were not only the p=x·θ were given, by which the correction calculation for light extinction was made easy and exact.

K4Nb6O17 photocatalyst was successfully synthesized by low-temperature hydrothermal method with layer structure. Considering that a large number of hydroxyl (Nb—OH) and oxygen species (NbO, Nb—O－) exist on the surface of K4Nb6O17 synthesized by hydrothermal method, Ag(en)+2 precursors were employed to synthesize Ag/K4Nb6O17 heterostructure photo-catalysts with highly dispersed Ag. Photocatalytic performance evaluation results show that the photodegradation rate of MO for K4Nb6O17 was remarkably improved when a small amont of Ag was loaded. The best loading dose of Ag is 0.5 at%. Based on various characterizations results of XRD, FTIR, UV-Vis DRS, XRF and TEM, the photocatalytic mechanism of Ag/K4Nb6O17 heterostructure catalysts was illuminated in detail and the conclusions were drawn as follows: (1) K4Nb6O17 nanocrystals serve as electron and hole sources for degradation of an organic dye; (2) Ag nanoparticles on the surface of K4Nb6O17 nanocrystals act as a sink for the electrons, promote interfacial charge-transfer kinetics between the metal and semiconductor, improve the separation of photogenerated electron-hole pairs, and thus enhance the photocatalytic activity of Ag/K4Nb6O17 photocatalyst.

This study mainly researched the adsorption properties and adsorption mechanism of atrazine on three different types of humic acids: the black soil humic acid, the chestnut soil humic acid and the humic acid purchased. After the extraction of humic acid from the two different types of soil, the black soil and chestnut soil, adsorption experiments were carried out using the batch equilibrium techniques. Then FTIR and ESR spectral analysis methods were employed to explain the functional mechanism between atrazine and humic acid. The results showed that the sorption of humic acid on atazine was very fast at the beginning, then went to slower and finally came to equilibrium. The relationship between the amount of atrazine sorbed by the three humic acids and reaction time all fitted logarithmic and hyperbolic equations well. Adsorption isotherms of atrazine on the three humic acids all are L-type and in accordance with the linear model and the Freundlich model. Because of the different structure, there is significant difference between the adsorption isotherm of atrazine on purchased humic acid and extract humic acid. The interactions between humic acid and atrazine are mostly weak forces, such as the H-bond, proton transfer, charge transfer, van der Waals force and so on. In addition, ESR analysis proved that charge transfer exists between humic acid and atrazine during the process of adsorption.

Calcium hypochlorite was used as the raw material for preparation of the high purity potassium ferrate. The study includes the effects of reaction temperature, recrystallization temperature, reaction time, Ca(ClO)2 dosage, and the amount of calcium hypochlorite on the yield. It was determined that when the reaction temperature was 25 ℃, recrystallization temperature 0 ℃ and reaction time 40 min, the yield was more than 75%. The purity was detected by direct spectrophotometric method to be more than 92%. The product was characterized by infrared spectrum(IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and ultraviolet spectrum (UV) methods and proved to be potassium ferrate that was prepared by calcium hypochlorite as the raw material.

The present study attempted to achieve the identification and traceability of tea material cultivar through combination of multi-partial least squares models and Euclidean distance, etc. The results indicate that with the samples manufactured with tea fresh leaves of cultivar Longjing 43, Qunti, Yingshuang and Wuniuzao as the analysis objects, 4 models were established in this study so as to identify the tea with material cultivar being tea fresh leaves of cultivar Longjing 43, Qunti,Yingshuang and Wuniuzao separately by PLS. Their accuracy rate of identification of samples in the calibration set were 89.8%, 90.9%, 96.1% and 99.5%, respectively, while those in test set were 87.1%, 84.2%, 96.1% and 97.5%, respectively. After the “first identification” through the combined analysis of the four models for identification of tea material cultivar and the “second identification” adopting the Euclidean distance, the accuracy rate of material cultivar recognition for the tea samples was 90.3% (calibration set) and 83.5% (test set), respectively. This study provided a reference method for the identification of tea manufactured with a specific material cultivar and the material cultivar traceability of the manufactured tea.

The purpose of the present paper is to study the classification methods of gasoline. First, two classific models are compared using discriminant cluster analysis method in 700-1 100 nm and 1 100-1 700 nm spectral region. The sample is 90#, 93# and 97# gasoline. The results show that the model in 1 100-1 700 nm spectral region is veracious. And then a new model has been educed based on principal component analysis (PCA) and self-organizing competitive neural networks in order to classify 90#, 93# and 97# gasoline. The spectral data were condensed by PCA method before modeling, and three principal components were chosen because their cumulative credibility had reached 97%. A three-layer self-organizing competitive neural network model was established. Thirty-two wavelengths’ absorbance is the concentrated spectral data by PCA method, and served as inputs of the self-organizing competitive neural network. The learning parameter is set as 0.01 and the training iteration is taken as 500. The conclusion is that it is feasible to apply near infrared spectroscopy to discriminate the gasoline products as the PCA and self-organizing competitive neural networks method is used. Also the PCA and self-organizing competitive neural networks method is better than the discriminant cluster analysis method.

The use of room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) as green media for electrochemical application has attracted great attention recently. However, the effects of RTILs used as additives for electrodeposition of metals have hardly been explored. In the present work, the electrochemical deposition of copper was investigated on a pure copper plate from acid cupric sulfate solutions in the presence of RTILs (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, ［bmim］BF4) additive by cyclic voltammetric technique, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). For comparison, the electrodeposition of copper from acid cupric sulfate solutions was also investigated. The voltammograms showed that the cathodic peak potential shifted toward more negative potential and cathodic peak current increased when 1.0×10－4 mol·L-1 ［bmim］BF4 was added into acid cupric sulfate solutions. SEM images indicated that the shinning electrodeposits of copper were lamellar structure and the size of layered grain decreased with addition of ［bmim］BF4 additive. The XRD results indicated that copper deposits exhibited face-centered cubic structure and (220) highly preferred orientation. The surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) activities of copper deposits were measured by using methyl orange (MO) as the probe molecules. The copper electrodeposit obtained in acid cupric sulfate solutions with ［bmim］BF4 is shown to be excellent substrate for SERS measurements, demonstrating significant enhancement and good stability. The enhancement factor was calculated to be up to 4.7×105. It was also found that copper electrodeposit stored for 60 days in air shows no significant degradation in its sensitivity.

The authors have got silver film with orderly arranged nanoparticles as the surface-enhanced Raman spectra (SERS) substrates using porous anodic alumina templates (PAA). A silver film (99.99%) with the thickness of several millimeters was thermally evaporated onto the PAA templates and the SERS substrate was got after removing the PAA templates in hydrochloric acid. SERS spectra of pyridine (0.01 mol·L-1) were measured on Renishaw 2000 Ramanscope with a He-Ne (632.8 nm) laser as an excitation source in backscattering geometry, and the average enhancement factors were more than 105. The authors compared SERS spectra of pyridine from the SERS substrates and from Ag film evaporated directly on glass slide, and the former was 30 times stronger than the latter. The authors got different SERS spectra of pyridine while changing the excitation laser power. It was found that the relationship between the peak intensity of SERS spectra and the excitation laser power was linear as the normal Raman spectrum. We used the substrates to detect melamine, 2.5 mg·L-1 melamine solution could be recognized although excitation laser power was below 1mW.

In the present paper, calcium metaphosphate glass with molar ratio of Ca/P=0.45 was prepared and Ca(PO3)2 glass-ceramics were obtained by reheating the glass at 300-700 ℃. The Raman spectra of samples were measured. The bands of these Raman spectra were assigned and analyzed. The length of P—O bonds was calculated by using Raman wavenumbers. The results show that the crystal phase in glass was obtained when preserved at 300 ℃ for 3 h； Along with temperature increase, νs(PO2) and νs(POP) bands are stable in frequency, the bands intensity increases and fine structure appears in the Raman spectra fingerprint. The crystallization degree of glass-ceramics surface is higher than the inner. The length of P—O bonds changes during the heating process and crystallization. The length of O—P—O chain bonds changes to 158.27 pm from 159.96 pm, and terminal P—O changes to 149.02 pm from 147.92 pm, when Ca(PO3)2 glass becomes β-Ca(PO3)2 crystal.

The degradation behavior of polypropylene and polypropylene/stabilizer composites, caused by gamma radiation, was studied in the present work. The stabilizers used were hindered phenol antioxidant and hindered amine light stabilizer. FTIR spectroscopy and DSC analysis were used to determine the structural variation induced by gamma radiation. It can be seen that the evolution of PP and composites PP/stabilizers on gamma irradiation is an increase in absorbance in the hydroxyl and carbonyl absorption regions. Carbonyl index calculated from FTIR spectra was used to characterize the rate of degradation. When the irradiation dose was small (＜50 kGy), the degradation of pure polypropylene and polypropylene/stabilizers composites was not obvious; while the irradiation dose increased (≥50 kGy), the carbonyl indexes of all the samples increased obviously, and the degradation degree of polypropylene/stabilizer composites was bigger than pure polypropylene. This result might be partially attributed to the molecular chain scission of hindered phenol and hindered amine under larger irradiation dose. The chain scission of stabilizers forms hydroperoxides and peroxide radicals, catalyzing the degradation of polypropylene. As the irradiation dose was small (<50 kGy), the crystallization temperatures of pure polypropylene and polypropylene/stabilizer composites all showed no remarkable changes; as the irradiation dose exceeded 50 kGy, the crystallization temperatures of pure polypropylene and polypropylene/stabilizer composites all decreased obviously. Correspondingly, the melting peaks of both pure polypropylene and polypropylene/stabilizer composites moved to lower temperature and split into two peaks with increasing the irradiation dose. The decrease of crystallization and melting temperatures might be attributed to the destruction of chemical structure and stereo-regularity of the molecular chain, due to the increasing of carbonyl and hydroxyl groups brought by the oxidation of polypropylene molecular chain. At the same irradiation dose (≥50 kGy), the crystallization and melting temperatures of polypropylene/stabilizer composites were lower than that of pure polypropylene. It indicates that the stabilizers accelerate the degradation of polypropylene. The results were accordant with the IR results.

Using a Dual-View wavelength splitter, double-stained African green monkey kidney COS-7 cells, transfected with pEGFP-Myosin 15a and costained with Rhodamine-filopodia were observed based on an ICCD(intensified charge couple device) fluorescence micro-imaging systems. Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy was used to observe the overexpression of Myosin 15a to the tips of the elongation filopodia. An approach to collecting fluorescence in two channels and avoiding spectra crosstalk was employed to observe Myosin 15a and filopodia distribution in African green monkey kidney COS-7 cells. High sensitivity TIRF technology and two channels imaging method provided a wide application in bio-medical studies.

Fluorescence spectroscopy relies on the fluorescence emitted by rigid conjugated systems and thus has been increasingly used to assess the soil organic matter (SOM) humification. This technique is widely applied to solution samples of humic substances, and so far no information exists about its applicability to solid-phase soil samples. Composite soil samples of different depths (0-20, 20-40 and 40-60 cm) were collected from four different halophyte communities along a saline-impact gradient, namely, Comm. Salicornia europaea (CSE), Comm. Suaeda glauca (CSG), Comm. Kalidium foliatum (CKF) and Comm. Sophora alopecuroides (CSA) located around Wuliangsuhai Lake. A humification index based on solid surface fluorescence spectroscopy (HIXSSF) was proposed, and compared with conventional humification indices I400/I360, I470/I360, I465/I399 and A4/A1. There were close positive linear correlations between HIXSSF and I400/I360, I465/I399 and A4/A1, but a poor positive linear correlation existed between the HIXSSF and I470/I360. The results indicated that HIXSSF can be taken as a tool to assess the soil humification. The HIXSSF of the CSE and CSG varied inappreciably within soil profiles and there was no trend with depth. However the HIXSSF varied appreciably in the CKF and CSA, and the HIXSSF of the bottom soil profile was higher than that of the other profiles. As a whole, the soil humification degree was low around Wuliangsuhai Lake, and the ecological environment was relatively fragile. The salinity showed a strong negative linear relationship with the I400/I360, I470/I360, I465/I399 and A4/A1, but a good negative linear relationship with the HIXSSF. The results indicated that the degree of the SOM humification increased with the drop in the salinity. The HIXSSF can be an indicator not only of the degree of SOM humification, but also of the process of the salinisation.

This paper presented the problem of information redundance factor in spectral data analysis. Three-component mixtures fluorescence spectra data of anthracene, pyrene and phenanthrene, which were typical polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), were investigated through principal component regression anaylsis and move windows wavelength selection in chemometrics. Theoretical analysis and experimental result demonstrated that there was information redundancy in fluorescence signal; the data which have been optimized by redundancy techniques could show more realistic information of the test samples quantitatively, and for the multi-component mixed system with spectral overlapped seriously, analysis with the data which have been optimized through redundancy techniques could improve the sensitivity and stability of the models.

As one of the fluorescent molecules with high quantum yield, rhodamine was often chosen as the mother molecule in the synthesis of metal ion fluorescence chemosensor. The present paper reviews the applications of rhodamine fluorescence chemosensors in the analysis of heavy metal ions and transition metal ions including the response mechanism, the kinds of targeted ion, scope of application and corresponding detection limit. In addition, the existing challenges and future development directions in the research of rhodamine-based metal ion fluorescence chemosensor are discussed.

In the present paper, concentration as an auxiliary parameter was introduced to the synchronous fluorescence to form concentration synchronous fluorescence matrix of the oil spill samples within the concentration range of 10-4-10 g·L-1. Principal component analysis was used to classify the oil spill samples of 0# diesel, 93# gasonline and 5 crude oil simples from the Shengli oilfield. Experiments show that the introducing of concentration can reflect more composition information of the PAHs. This newly method has a better discrimination than the routine method of the synchronous fluorescence spectra obtained from spill oil samples in linear concentration range. It indicates that the spill oil samples of different type and source can be discriminated precisely, even from the same oilfield. The influence of the errors caused in the samples extraction procedure can be eliminated. All the results suggest that the technique may become a more convenient, rapid and accurate means in spill oil identification

Gels are gaining extensive interest owing to their versatile applications in fields such as drug delivery, tissue engineering, cosmetics, templated materials and food industry. Surfactants have an ability to self-assemble into a variety of supramolecular aggregate structures and morphologies. Of particular interest in resent years are surfactant-based gels, one special class of materials due to surfactant assemblies resulting in viscoelastic solid-like rheological behaviors. Up to now, there is only limited understanding on the mechanism of gel formation, especially on the interaction among water, organic solvents and surfactant during thegel formation. In this study we prepare a Low-molecule-gel that is composed of cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), water and carbon tetrachloride. Based on the experimental result of XRD and titration, the authors find that CTAB in gel are more than in saturated CTAB solution but CTAB is not solide in gel. CTAB is not solvented in CCl4. The solubility of CTAB in saturated CTAB solution is limited. So the authors suppose that CTAB is a synergistically solubilized by water and CCl4 in the gel. In addition, both NMR and FTIR spectroscopic results demonstrate that CTAB cations form a quasi-ordered structure in the gel.

Atmosphere is an important factor that affects the quantitative analysis and application of remote sensing technology. In the support of IDL platform, the study takes advantages of dark pixel atmospheric correction algorithm (DPACA) to extract the optical depth of atmosphere, and then remove the atmospheric influences from each channel of the Hyperion sensor by that atmospheric parameter. The study results show that the optical depth decreases with the increase in central wavelength of the Hyperion sensor, namely the optical depth is negative versus the central wavelength of sensor. The linear model is the optimal experimental model that is used to describe that relationship, and its correlative coefficient is 0.912 3. It was found that the signals recorded by the remote sensing sensor can’t express the inherent optical properties and apparent optical properties in a proper manner. Additionally, the remote sensing signals are insensitive to the variations of waters qualities’ samples. At the blue and green bands, the effects of atmosphere are the most serious. The spectra are completely different from the optical properties of natural waters at those bands. Compared with the theoretical spectral features of waters’ optical properties, the image quality of Hyperion sensor has been perfectly improved by the DPACA. Under the condition of lacking the vertical profile data of atmosphere, the DPACA is an available approach to removing the atmospheric influence on the Hyperion imageries.

On-orbit spectral calibration of hyperspectral imaging data is a key step for quantitatively analyzing them. Like the atmospheric correction, accurate spectral calibration is very necessary for improved studies of land or ocean surface properties. Based on the previous literatures, a new method which coupled an optimization algorithm was developed to simultaneously retrieve the central wavelength and the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the hyperspectral sensor without needing the in situ reflectance spectra. Firstly, the Hyperion data set simulated using MODTRAN4 with the Hyperion spectral specification was used to test the new method, and the results indicated that the maximum error was less than 0.1 and 0.7 nm for central wavelength and FWHM respectively when the spectral shift is 5 nm. Then the algorithm was applied to the Hyperion data acquired on May 20, 2008 over Heihe River Basin and it was iteratively performed for each detector of the two spectrometers of Hyperion. The results showed that the VNIR of Hyperion had a pronounced smile effect, and the shift in on-orbit calibration with respect to the laboratory was from -2 to +2 nm, while the SWIR has essentially no smile effect, the wavelength correction was relatively flat over all sample with an approximately constant value of 3 nm. The FWHM in VNIR could range from -0.2 to 0.5 nm as a function of sample number of the spectrometer, and in SWIR it ranged from -2 to -3 nm. So for both the VNIR and SWIR, the original spectral calibration should be updated. These results showed good agreement with previous research findings, and which also proved the feasibility of the new method. Finally, with the updated spectral calibration characteristics, the sample reflectances of desert and vegetation target in our study site were reconstructed by applying a further atmospheric correction, and as expected, the strong spikes around the typical atmospheric absorption were almost disappeared.

Hyperspectral technique has become the basis of quantitative remote sensing. Hyperspectrum of apple tree canopy at prosperous fruit stage consists of the complex information of fruits, leaves, stocks, soil and reflecting films, which was mostly affected by component features of canopy at this stage. First, the hyperspectrum of 18 sample apple trees with reflecting films was compared with that of 44 trees without reflecting films. It could be seen that the impact of reflecting films on reflectance was obvious, so the sample trees with ground reflecting films should be separated to analyze from those without ground films. Secondly, nine indexes of canopy components were built based on classified digital photos of 44 apple trees without ground films. Thirdly, the correlation between the nine indexes and canopy reflectance including some kinds of conversion data was analyzed. The results showed that the correlation between reflectance and the ratio of fruit to leaf was the best, among which the max coefficient reached 0.815, and the correlation between reflectance and the ratio of leaf was a little better than that between reflectance and the density of fruit. Then models of correlation analysis, linear regression, BP neural network and support vector regression were taken to explain the quantitative relationship between the hyperspectral reflectance and the ratio of fruit to leaf with the softwares of DPS and LIBSVM. It was feasible that all of the four models in 611-680 nm characteristic band are feasible to be used to predict, while the model accuracy of BP neural network and support vector regression was better than one-variable linear regression and multi-variable regression, and the accuracy of support vector regression model was the best. This study will be served as a reliable theoretical reference for the yield estimation of apples based on remote sensing data.

The research discussed the prediction method of apple’s internal quality such as firmness and soluble solids content with the combination of parameters getting from hyperspectral fitting scattering curve. The research compared different molding methods using the combination of the three Lorentzian fitting parameters with partial least squares (PLS), stepwise multiple linear regression (SMLR) and neural network (NN). The normalized combination parameters and original combination parameters were used to establish prediction models, respectively. The partial least squares (PLS) prediction models using the combination of three original parameters gave a better results with the correlation of calibration Rc=0.93, the standard error of calibration SEC=0.56, the correlation of validation Rv=0.84, and the standard error of validation SEV=0.94 for firmness of apples. The partial least squares (PLS) prediction models using combination of normalized parameters also gave a good results with Rc=0.95, and the standard error of calibration SEC=0.29, the correlation of validation Rv=0.83, and the standard error of validation SEV=0.63 for soluble solids content of apples. The research showed that using hyperspectral scattering curve can detect apple quality attributes at the same time.

The distributing of China’s grassland is abroad and the status of grassland degradation is in serious condition. So achieving real-time and exactly grassland ecological monitoring is significant for the carbon cycle, as well as for climate and on regional economies. With the field measured spectra data as data source, hyperspectral remote sensing monitoring of grassland degradation was researched in the present article. The warm meadow grassland in Hulunbeier was chosen as a study object. Reflectance spectra of leaves and pure canopies of some dominant grassland species such as Leymus chinensis, Stipa krylovii and Artemisia frigid, as well as reflectance spectra of mixed grass community were measured. Using effective spectral feature parametrization methods, the spectral feature of leaves and pure canopies were extracted, so the constructive species and degenerate indicator species can be exactly distinguished. Verification results showed that the accuracy of spectral identification was higher than 95%. Taking it as the foundation, the spectra of mixed grass community were unmixed using linear mixing models, and the proportion of all the components was calculated, and the errors were less than 5%. The research results of this article provided the evidence of hyperspectral remote sensing monitoring of grassland degradation.

Apple mealiness degree is an important factor for its internal quality. hyperspectral scattering, as a promising technique, was investigated for noninvasive measurement of apple mealiness. In the present paper, a locally linear embedding (LLE) coupled with support vector machine (SVM) was proposed to achieve classification because of large number of image data. LLE is a nonlinear lowering dimension method, which reveals the structure of the global nonlinearity by the local linear joint. This method can effectively calculate high-dimensional input data embedded in a low-dimensional space manifold. The dimension reduction of hyperspectral data was classified by SVM. Comparing the LLE-SVM classification method with the traditional SVM classification, the results indicated that the training accuracy obtained with the LLE-SVM was higher than that just with SVM; and the testing accuracy of the classifier changed a little before and after dimensionality reduction, and the range of fluctuation was less than 5%. It is expected that LLE-SVM method would provide an effective classification method for apple mealiness nondestructive detection using hyperspectral scattering image technique.

Diabetes threatens the health of human beings. Because of the disadvantages of invasive glucose detection, Noninvasive glucose measurement which diabetics press for becomes the hotspot in both domestic and overseas academic circles. But up to now none of the available devices offers enough precision to clinical application. The principle, method, characteristics of optical spectrum measurements and current development at home and abroad are reviewed in the present paper, such as photoacoustic spectroscopy method, Raman spectrometry, fluorescence method, polarimetry, optical coherence tomography and near infrared spectroscopy. Then the problems and technical analysis of noninvasive glucose measurements as well as the development direction are discussed, and the dynamic spectrum is pointed out to be one of the most application prospect methods for noninvasive glucose measurement.

In order to diagnose fatty liver noninvasively, rapidly and accurately, this article presented a new method based on spectroscopy to diagnose fatty liver. This method is non-invasive, rapid. Because tongue can objectively reflect physiological and pathological changes, so this experiment collected reflectance spectrum on the tongue tips of volunteers at first, then analyzed the above data, calculated the normalized reflection ratio, and built a three-layer BP network model. Thirty two healthy people and 44 fatty liver sufferers were chosen randomly from the total 115 samples and their data were input into neural network, then the data of unknown samples of 14 healthy and 25 fatty liver ones were input into the model, and the classification accuracy was 89.7%. This result approved the feasibility of using spectroscopy to diagnose fatty liver. Meanwhile, the result showed that spectral method can reflect the information of organization and tiny circulation taken by tongue more objectively. This method may provide a fast and simple diagnostic tools for clinic, and also can provide a reference to the syndrome measurement of the traditional Chinese medicine.

Analyzing methods of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF) were used to reveal the adsorption mechanism of Cr(Ⅵ) by low-cost adsorbent of rice husk ash. Results of FTIR showed that amide Ⅱ band, Si—O—Si, and O—Si—O were important for Cr(Ⅵ) removal. SEM micrographs suggested that series of needle-shaped precipitation appeared on cell surface, and inorganic precipitation mechanism and redox mechanism might work in the test. XPS spectra showed that main elements of rice husk ash were C, N, O, P and Si, existing state of C was mainly aldoketones groups, coordination reaction existed between C functional groups and Cr(Ⅵ); N element, —NH2 in chief, could remove Cr(Ⅵ) in the way of physical adsorption based on electrostatic interaction; Si—O might be useful in adsorption process. XRD data suggested representative characteristic adsorption band of SiO2, and the increasing crystallinity of rice husk ash showed metallic compound formed between Cr(Ⅵ) and rice husk ash. XRF results indicated that the content of K, Na, Mg and Ca changed, and two new elements were detected, the evidence of ion exchange mechanism. The functional groups played different roles in Cr(Ⅵ) adsorption process, and inorganic precipitation mechanism, redox mechanism, surf-complexation mechanism and ion exchange mechanism were important ways in Cr(Ⅵ) removal, which could provide theoretical support in further application.

NDVI based on NOAA/AVHRR from 1982 to 2003 are used to monitor variable rules for the growing season in spring of vegetation in the north-south transect of eastern China (NSTEC). The following, mainly, are included: (1)The changing speed of greenness period in spring of most regions in NSTEC is slow and correlation with the year is not distinct; (2) The regions in which greenness period in spring distinctly change mainly presented an advance; (3) The regions in which inter-annual fluctuation of greenness period in spring is over 10 days were found in 3 kinds of areas: the area covered with agricultural vegetation types; the areas covered with evergreen vegetation types; the areas covered with steppe vegetation types; (4) changes of vegetation greenness period in spring have spatio-temporal patterns.

Maize roots release a battery of proteins into the rhizosphere during growth and development. In the present study, mucilage secreted by primary roots of 3-4 d old maize seedlings was collected under axenic conditions, and the constitutively secreted proteins were analyzed by different methods, including two-dimensional electrophoresis -MADLI-TOF, LC-MS, and Shotgun techniques. The results showed that 200 protein spots could be observed on two-dimensional electrophoresis gel stained by silver nitrate. However, due to the low protein content for each protein spot, there was not reliable result after identification by MADLI-TOF. On the other hand, 152 and 2 848 proteins were identified by LC/MS and Shotgun technique, respectively. All 152 proteins identified by LC/MS method could be found in the proteins identified by Shotgun method, and thus the results obtained by LC/MS and Shotgun method could be authenticated mutually. The results demonstrated that the Shotgun method is more sensitive than the other methods for protein identification, especially for the proteins with lower contents and complex interfering substances, such as the plant root released proteins.

In view of problems such as field poor shock resistance, low target identification rate, low real-time and so on in mechanical scanning optical system, a non-scanning target identification remote sensing system was designed using the multi-spectrum separation algorithm. Using the non-scanning M-Z interferometer to provide a space optical path difference, interference fringes were collected by infrared CCD detector. After CUP processing the system obtains the mix spectrum information, achieves target identification by the coordinate system combined with visible light video image, and the coordinate system, which the union visible light video image provides, achieves the target discrimination. The genetic algorithm was used to optimize characteristic wavelengths, and then by the rough collection classification the unknown target spectrum’s attribute was extracted. Taking first 1/3 confidence level of the corresponding attribute the testing target type was deduced, and compared with the traditional algorithm the amount of computing was reduced by about nine times. Experiment was done under different weather and different background conditions, so detection limits and identification probabilities of the system under different conditions were obtained. The experimental data showed that the genetic algorithm and rough set classification combined with multi-spectral separation algorithm can quickly and efficiently identify the unknown object types.

With the wide use of imaging spectroscopy, applying data cubes to classification and identification of materials has been developed to be an important research content. The classification algorithms play a vital role in accuracy and precision of object identification. The most common classification algorithms mainly make use of the information gained from spectral dimension and classify the materials based on spectral match. The material reflectance spectra collected by imaging spectroscopy is determined not only by the sorts, but also by the geometry structure and roughness of material surface, and so on. Then classification and identification algorithms only using the reflection spectra have errors to some extent. This paper puts forward an algorithm based on the common classification algorithms that controls the classification process by using the spatial feature of image to promote the correctness of classification. This algorithm was applied to identify the true leaves from the fake ones. The result shows preferable spatial continuity. To a great extent, the algorithm overcomes “ma pixel” domino effect, and is proved valid.

The present paper describes the use of optical waveguide lightmode spectroscopy (OWLS) for study of the binding interaction of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VGEF) with VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2). VEGF were immobilized in the surface of an 3-amino 3-propyltriethoxy silane(APTES) modified sensor chip. The solutions with different concentration of VEGFR2 were injected to the system to investigate the kinetic character with OWLS on the solid and liquid interface. The receptor binding and dissociation on the interface, quantified by association and dissociation rate coefficients ka and kd, were determined by the OWLS experiments. The ka and kd is 6.86×105 L·mol-1·s-1 and 1.15×10-3 s-1, respectively. The results show that OWLS method could meet the requirement of kinetic determination of ligand-receptor interaction in applications for related fundamental research and pharmaceutical development.

The present paper used synthesized data from the experiment samples to replace partial basic experiments, and increased the training samples amount from 14 to 27. In principal component analysis (PCA), the dimensionality of multivariate data was reduced to n principal components and almost all data information was kept. The PCA reduced the network’s input nodes from 60 to 3 to simplify the neural network’s structure. Finally, back-propagation neural network was used to train and predict these samples. It had 27 training samples, the input layer had three nodes, the hidden layer had two nodes, and the output layer had two nodes. Its excitation function is variable learning rate method. The results show that the coefficient of recovery can reach 89.6-109.0. It has reached the expected purpose.

Taking the in situ measurements as the driver, the traditional remote sensing models modeling approaches emphasize particularly on the least total errors between the modeled estimate and the measurements while ignore its local error status, which may lead to a large warp between the modeled prediction and the observation at some position. Considering such default of general approach, the present paper developed the subsection mapping retrieval algorithm (SMRA), which decomposes the mapping mechanism between the water qualities and its optical parameters into several subsection functions, and each subsection function is determined by the in situ measurements (named nodes as follows) and an interpolating function. The analysis results of subsection mapping retrieval algorithm based on Newton interposing algorithms indicate that the algorithm keeps the inversion results accuracy at nodes, and is preferably suitable for regression estimate of the complicated relationship between the parameters. Additionally, the method has a great theoretical meaning for the standardization of the sampling interval and sample number in water qualities experiments. Combined with the analysis results of the Landsat/TM imagery and the experimental data of Taihu Lake, it could be known that the SMRA is preferably suitable for describing the relationship between remotely sensed parameters and water qualities, especially for complicated case Ⅱ water bodies such as Taihu Lake.

The ecological environment of semi-arid regions in China is fragile, and the situation of protecting environment is grim. So it is urgent to strengthen environment protection and ecological construction in semi-arid region. Four different vegetation ecosystems were selected in semi-arid region with Wuchuan County in Inner Mongolia as a case study: the bushes, the trees, the alfalfa land, and artificially mixed sowing grassland. The soil was sampled and carried to laboratory for analysis of the content of lead, cadmium and chromium in the soil in May and September (the start of the growing season and the end of the growing season). It was showed that among the four different ecosystems, the lead and cadmium contents in the soil were significantly different in variability, while the chromium is not significant. And the changing rate trend of the content of lead and cadmium is consistent: the contents of the both elements in May are higher than in September obviously. The degree of the order of the content change is also very close. The biggest of the change scope is from the bushes and artificially mixed sowing grassland, followed by the alfalfa land, and finally the trees. Therefore, it is more favorable to plant shrubs and grass for absorbing heavy metals in the soil in the common local vegetation eco-system.

Tenderness is one of the main sensory and eating qualities of meat. Conventional measurement of tenderness is a time-consuming and invasive method. Using steady spatially-resolved spectroscopy, a multi-channel visible and near infrared spectroscopy instrument was established to obtain the reduced scattering coefficient μ′ｓ of porcine longissimus muscle samples. After spectra collection, each fresh meat sample was divided into two parts, one was tested by means of C-LM4 tenderness instrument, and the other was measured by conventional method. The results showed that reduced scattering coefficient of the samples was significantly correlated to fresh meat shear force values (R2=0.834 9) at 700 nm. Also, there was a significant correlation between fresh meat shear force values and shear force values by conventional method (R2=0.771 6). In conclusion, the potential of the steady spatially-resolved spectroscopy technique as a rapid and non-invasive tool to measure tenderness of pork was found.

A method based on the wavelet transform (WT) was developed for the compression of laser-induced breakdown coal spectral data. By studing the impacts of main parameters such as the order of db wavelet, decompose level and threshold method on compression performance, it can summarize the compression parameter selection rule and select the proper compression scheme. The scheme was evaluated by compression scores and relative deviation of each spectral line between original and reconstructed. By choosing proper parameters for channel 1, channel 2 and channel 5 of LIBS spectrum of coal sample (No.1-No.8), the restore score RS and compress score CS are respectively 81%-92.11% and 79.02%-92.07%, with the spectral line relative deviation under 5%. It indicates that the storage space is reduced while the main characteristic of original spectrum is maintained. The result shows that this method is very effective.

To eliminate the influence of all factors on non-invasive measurement precision of blood components by dynamic spectrum method during data acquisition process, a quality evaluation criterion of dynamic spectrum data needs to be established to improve the stability of the model and precision of the prediction. The number of stable wavelength as a quality evaluation index for the dynamic spectrum data was presented in this article after further analysis of 110 samples, which were all obtained by in-vivo measurements, and 60 samples were picked up as the satisfactory samples. BP artificial neural network was used to establish the calibration model of subjects’ total cholesterol, glucose and hemoglobin values against dynamic spectrum data. The prediction result of the experiment group was improved compared with the control group. The average relative error was decreased from 13.8%, 15.8% and 5.4% to 6.5%, 6.5% and 2.1% respectively, by which the effectiveness of the number of stable wavelength as a quality evaluation index could be proved. By evaluating the quality of the dynamic spectrum data measured, more reliable prediction result can be obtained, which can make the non-invasive measurement of the blood components come to the clinical application sooner.

The aim of this study is to reveal the interaction relationships between lauryl dimethylamine N-oxide (LDAO) and peripheral light-harvesting complex (LH2) as well as the influence of LDAO on structure and function of LH2. In the present work, the effects of LDAO on the conformation and release processes of bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) of LH2 when incubated under different temperature and pH in the presence and absence of LDAO were investigated by spectroscopy. The results indicated that (1) the presence of LDAO resulted in alterations in the conformation, α-helix content, and spectra of Tyr and B850 band of LH2 at room temperature and pH 8.0. Moreover, energy transfer efficiency of LH2 was enhanced markedly in the presence of LDAO. (2) At 60 ℃, both the B800 and B850 band of LH2 were released and transited into free BChl at pH 8.0. However, the release rates of bacteriochlorophylls of B800 and B850 band from LH2 were slowed down and the release processes were changed when incubated in the presence of LDAO. Hence, the stability of LH2 was improved in the presence of LDAO. (3) The accelerated release processes of bacteriochlorophylls of B800 and B850 band of LH2 were induced to transform into bacteriopheophytin (BPhe) and free BChl by LDAO in strong acid and strong alkalic solution at room temperature. However, the kinetic patterns of the B800 and B850 band were remarkably different. The release and self-assemble processes of B850 in LH2 were observed in strong acid solution without LDAO. Therefore, the different release behaviors of B800 and B850 of LH2 are induced by LDAO under different extreme enviro nmental conditions.

Optical emission spectroscopy (OES) was adopted for the first time by our group for in situ diagnosis of the conversion of CH4-H2 under glow discharge plasma at atmospheric pressure with rotary electrodes. The emission of excited species such as excited radicals and atoms (C, CH, C2, H and H2) was detected in the spectra range of 300-700 nm. The spectrum of hydrogen atom was used to figure out the plasma excitation temperature by a Boltzmann plot scheme. It was evaluated that the excitation temperature of hydrogen plasmas under varied discharge conditions is in the range of 6 300-6 600 K. The electron density was calculated based on spectral profile of H lines and its order is about 1020 m-3.

To establish an identification method for the forensic analysis of blue ballpoint ink by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS), 95 kinds of blue ballpoint pen from different manufacturers were detected. These blue ballpoint pens were classified into 34 groups according to their metal element components, among which, 26 groups can be directly distinguished according to the types of metal element components contained in the ballpoint pen, the other groups can be distinguished by different element response ratios. Meanwhile the examination result on the papers showed that the papers have no impact on the ink handwriting analysis. Experimental results showed that the method’s reproducibility is good and precision is less than 10%. This method has better identification ability than traditional identification technology for questioned document. Eighty eight kinds of blue ballpoint pen out of the total 95 selected kinds can be distinguished with this method. The established method is simple, rapid, with good precision, and almost has no damage to the sample. It is particularly suitable for the demand of identification of blue ballpoint pen in forensic science.

The contents of nutritional elements such as Na, K, P, Ca, Mg and trace elements such as Cu, Se, Mo, Fe in Agaricus bisporus fruit bodies harvested at four different maturity stages (stage Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ) were analyzed by ICP-AES, and the contents of some nutritional ingredients such as water, soluble protein, soluble sugar and ascorbic acid were also investigated. The results showed that the contents of Na, K, P, Mg, Cu, Se and Mo in stage Ⅰ was respectively higher than those in the other three stages (α=0.05), and the contents of Ca and Fe were respectively higher than those in stage Ⅱ and Ⅲ. The content of Se in stage Ⅳ was respectively higher than that in stage Ⅱ and Ⅲ, while the content f Na was respectively higher than that in stage Ⅱ. The content of Cu in stage Ⅳ was respectively higher than that in stage Ⅲ. The contents of K, P, Ca, Mg, Mo and Fe in stage Ⅱ and Ⅲ were respectively higher than those in stage Ⅳ. The content of water in stage Ⅳ was respectively higher than that in stage Ⅰ and Ⅲ, and had no significant differences from that in stage Ⅱ. There were no significant differences in the contents of soluble protein, but the content of soluble sugar was significantly lower in stage Ⅳ. The content of ascorbic acid in stage Ⅲ had no significant differences from that in stage Ⅰ, but it was respectively higher than that in stage Ⅱ and Ⅳ. The content of ascorbic acid in stage Ⅰ and Ⅳ was respectively higher than that in stage Ⅱ. The differences in the nutritional ingredients and mineral elements in the four stages of Agaricus bisporus fruit bodies provide academic data for the consumers and food industries while choosing Agaricus bisporus produces.

A method for speciation analysis of calcium in Baihu decoction was presented. The six different forms of Ca in the filtrate including free ions, non-free ions, exchangeable, non-exchangeable, organic and inorganic were separated by using ion-exchange resin (IER), chelating resin and organic solvent extraction. Various forms of Ca were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The recovery for the method is 90.0%-110.0%. The result showed that Baihu decoction extract was a kind of complex solution, in which 83.25% of Ca existed in free ions form and 23.79% of Ca existed in organic form in the soluble filtrate.

An inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for determination of the contents of six elements, Cd, Cr, Pb, Zn, Cu and Ni in drinking water has been developed in the present work. The operating parameters were optimized. 45Sc, 72Ge, 115In and 209Bi were chosen as the internal elements and the effect of matrix, interface and fluctuation of instrument was overcome effectively. Collision/reaction technology was used to eliminate the interference of polyatomic ion. Satisfactory linearity of working curves of six elements was obtained, giving all their correlation coefficients over 0.999 7. The determination limit of the analytes were in the range of 0.70-77.0 ng·L-1. The RSD was between 0.47％ and 1.69％. GBW08607 was determined and the result was in the range of the standard. Drinking water of four areas was determined, the recoveries of the sample were 92％-108％.The method is simple, quick, accurate and stable, and can be used as a reliable method to determine trace elements in drinking water.

The 150 samples of Pu’er tea collected from the main producing area of Yunnan were detected by ICP-AES method, to investigate the current safety status of Pu’er tea rare earth elements. The rare earth elements contents were found to be in the range 0.26-4.07 mg·kg-1 in all detected samples, with the 43.0% samples exceeding the maximum levels of contaminants of 2 mg·kg-1 set by GB 2762－2005 “Maximum levels of contaminants in foods ”. There was a significant difference between ripened tea rare earth elements and raw tea’s from the same sources, which affected some ripened tea quality at last. There was a significant difference among the rare earth elements contents of the Pu’er tea main producing areas, and the condition of Pu’er tea quality and safety controlling was not optimistic at individual producing areas.

The present paper reports a method based on intermittent flow injection (FI) hydride generation (HG) combined with atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS) detection for the determination of As in sea water. Experimental conditions for FI-HG were optimized. 5.0％ hydrochloric acid-0.1 mol· L-1 citric acid solution was selected as the carrier flow as well as the sample medium, and 2% KBH4-0.5% KOH was used as the reductant. An argon gas flow was used for carrying the generated arsine to the Ar-H2 flame for atomization. Organic species of arsenic cannot be generated arsine under the selected conditions. The real sea water samples collected at Zhanqiao seashore in Qingdao and more than 30 other areas were analyzed under optimized working conditions, and experiments verified that the determination of As(Ⅲ) and As(Ⅴ) could approximately assess the As pollution for marine water while organic arsenic in natural sea water was so slight that could be neglected in case large amount of samples should be analyzed.

Taking advantage of θ-θ scanning (vertical goniometer) sealed and ceramic X-ray tube full-automatic diffractometer, which can be heated and detected at the same time when the temperature is between normal temperature and 1 200 ℃, and X-ray fluorescence, and combining surface feature with character, high tin bronze mirror which had been daubed “tin amalgam” was detected and analyzed. It can prove that phase with Hg will disappear gradually when the sample is heated to the temperature higher than the boiling point of Hg; It indicates that bronze surface cannot be as a proof of “tin amalgam” used whether it contains Hg, moreover, it is not necessary that bronze mirror is covered with “tin amalgam” in terms of application.

For problems of matrix effect and correction method in EDXRF technique, three kinds of bogus binary system of Ni-Cu, Ni-Zn and Cu-Zn were chosen as research analyte. Firstly, Lachance-Trail algorithm was employed to get binary influence coefficient. Then, experimental measurement was taken to achieve qualitative analysis of binary influence effect, and good coherence was obtained after comparison. Meanwhile, exponential fitting and logarithm fitting correction equation were established to correct the effects in (bogus) binary sample. Three groups of Ni-Cu duality samples were used to test the fitting method. Compared to the actual results, the relative error of Ni and Cu was less than 4% except the one influenced by branch-ratio deduction method.

According to the characteristic of single-element detector and non-imaging spectroradiometer, a new imaging FTIR spectroradiometer system was developed for spectral data acquisition. This system is composed of a spectroradiometer, a synchronous controller and a scanning device. Using the data interface of spectroradiometer, spectral radiometric calibration can be achieved for the system. The image resolution is 500×500 pixels, spectral range is 667-5 000 cm-1, spectral resolution is 1 cm-1, and space Field of view is 150°, Instant Field of View is 0.3°. Experiments were held for actual data acquisition and data analysis was made. The analysis result indicates that the proposed system is adequate for non-realtime imaging spectral data acquisition.

An optical fiber distributed multi-point methane real-time monitoring system based on the methane spectral absorption characteristic is researched, and it’s application in methane extraction is presented. An 1665nm distributed feedback (DFB) laser is used as the light source by taking the triangular signal to modulate the light frequency of the DFB laser. Using the combination of single - chip computer C8051F410, A/D transform circuit, communication circuit, display circuit, etc, the concentration of methane can be monitored and displayed on the screen. And the function of sounding the alarm bell and communication are achieved. The laser wavelength shift is carried out with adaptive adjustment by the built-in gas calibration pond so as to realize the locking of a methane absorption line. Several field tests have been founded at home and abroad. The results show that the system has good performance in stability and sensitivity. The distributed multi-point methane concentration monitoring is realized in the range of 0%-100%. A sensitivity of ppm order of magnitude has been achieved. It possesses of wide application in methane extraction.

Hyperspectral imager has more spectral channels and higher spectral resolution compared to normal spectral instrument. Stray light is one of the important reasons affecting the spectral accuracy of the hyperspectral imager, but the current stray light measurements can’t meet the need. Definition, sources and harmfulness of stray light are described in the present paper. The feasibility and superiority of the stray light factor di,j, used to describe the stray light characteristics of the spectral instruments, is investigated thoroughly, where the definition, physical significance and value of engineering application of stray light interference factor fi(λ) and stray light disturbance factor Fi(λ) are given. Finally, the system components, measurement procedure and measurement results of the stray light measurement system, using narrow-band filter, are introduced. Results show that the stray light factor di,j meets the need of the stray light measurement because it can indicate the stray light characteristics of the spectral instruments without relationship to the light source, filter, detector and other measurement conditions, and the measurement efficiency is increased at least one-fold than the spectral stray light factors method.

The present paper reviews the computed tomography imaging spectrometer (CTIS) measurement systems at home and abroad from the aspects of technological characterizations and research focuses. The developments of computed tomography imaging spectrometers are described, involving the adding new abilities by improving systematic structure and by incorporating other elements or systems, the study and applications of novel grating elements, detectors or apparatus, the optimizations and improvements of the system calibration methods and reconstruction algorithms. In addition, based on the classification of application scope, the extension status of probing spectral bands and application fields towards computed tomography imaging spectrometers and related systems are summarized. The principles of non-scanning computed tomography imaging spectrometer and high-throughput computed tomography imaging spectrometer are introduced. Moreover, the trends of computed tomography imaging spectrometers are discussed too.

The detection principle of NIR technology for nondestructive measurement of fruit internal quality was briefly introduced. The structure of portable NIR instruments was described systematically for measuring fruit internal quality. A comparative analysis was given among several instruments. The latest progress was summarized at home and abroad. Finally, the development and trend of NIR instruments for detecting fruit quality was analyzed.

As a new family of nanomaterials, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) exhibit unique properties such as their capacity to penetrate into the cells and low immunogenicity, which have attracted increasing attention in biomedical field and make their application in drug and gene transfer systems being possible. So getting more information about the interaction of CNTs with biomacromolecules is crucial for further investigation of CNTs in therapeutic applications. The interaction between CNTs and BSA under physiological condition was investigated by fluorescence quenching, synchronous fluorescence and red edge excitation shift (REES)method. The results showed that CNTs could significantly decrease the fluorescence intensity of BSA. While the results of synchronous fluorescence and REES indicated that CNTs almost had no influence on the conformation of BSA. So the authors concluded that the mechanism of interaction between CNTs and BSA was non-specific adsorption.

A novel method was developed to classify hyperspectral remote sensing image based on independent component analysis (ICA) and support vector machine (SVM) algorithms. The characteristic information of the hyperspectral remote sensing image captured by PHI (made in China, with 80 bands) was extracted by ICA algorithm, and SVM classifier was established with the extracted image data (20 spectral dimensions). After kernel function selecting and parameter optimizing, it was found that the SVM algorithm(RBF kernel function; parameter C=103, γ=0.05)with accuracy 94.512 7% and kappa coefficient 0.935 1 has the best classification result, better than the results of four kinds of conventional algorithms, including neural net classification (accuracy 39.475 8% and kappa coefficient 0.315 5), spectral angle mapper classification (accuracy 80.282 6% and kappa coefficient 0.770 9), minimum distance classification (accuracy 85.462 7% and kappa coefficient 0.827 7) and maximum likelihood classification (accuracy 86.015 6% and Kappa coefficient 0.835 1). In order to control the “pepper and salt” phenomenon which appeared in classification map frequently, the classification result of SVM (RBF kernel) was operated by the method of clump classes using the morphological operators, and that the classification map closer to actual situation was acquired, with the accuracy and kappa coefficient increasing to 94.758 4% and 0.938 0, respectively. The study indicated that the ICA combined with SVM was an preferred method for hyperspectral remote sensing image classification, and clump classes was a effective method to optimized the classification result.

Total concentrations of Cr, Cu, Zn, Pb and As were determined in soil samples from Beijing, Xinjiang, Heilongjiang, Yunnan, and Jiangsu provinces, using field portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF). The relationship between XRF analysis results and the concentration of heavy metals in soils was established. The influence of soil particle size and humidity was also considered. Experiments showed that the particle size of soil affected XRF performance. While particle size decreased from 420 to 180 μm, the relative standard deviation (RSD) of XRF detect results reduced from 15.6% to 6.9%. Soil humidity mainly affected the counts of XRF measured. As the soil water content increased from 5% to 25%, the analysis result’s relative ratio of humid soil samples to oven dried soil samples decreased from 86% to 69%, according with the equation I=100e-0.015ｃ, where I means relative ratio, and ｃ means water content (R2=0.83, n=30). A high degree of linearity was found for all the five heavy metals with the XRF measurement in the range of 0 to 1 500 mg·kg-1. But the linearity equation was not the same among these soils. The linearity equation established with Yunnan soil has a small slope because of higher Fe concentration in soil. The performance of instrument was assessed by comparing XRF analysis result with the standard sample reference, and the result showed that XRF is an effective tool for rapid, quantitative monitoring of soil metal contamination.