The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) level 2 aerosol products (2001～2009) were used to study aerosol spatial and temporal distributions in June, as well as their variations with surface wind over East China. The results of case and statistical studies indicate that fire pixels almost dominate the whole northern Anhui and Jiangsu Provinces (32°N～35°N) in June. It is found that fire pixel count is quite large in June and clearly matches the high aerosol optical depth(AOD) loads during the burning month. These suggest that agricultural biomass burning occurs seriously in June, which leads to appearance of AOD peak values over East China. Moreover, the distribution feature of aerosol over East China has been proved mainly depending on topography and anthropogenic activities. The variabilities of visibility, days of haze and AOD in Anhui Province demonstrated that the agricultural biomass burning aerosols can also be transported into East China from the surrounding rural area in June. The spatial-temporal variabilities of AOD in June over East China are closely related to those of surface wind. On one hand, strong wind is favor for the diffusion of the pollutants, which leads to the relatively lower AOD loads. On the other hand, still wind process by which formation of airflow stagnation area can induce that the pollutants accumulate much easily, which leads to the relatively higher AOD loads.

Aerosol optical properties are the key factors for direct radiative forcing. The aerosol optical properties and their variations were observed in four different regions of Beijing, Xianghe, Xinglong, and Dunhuang. The four different regions aerosol direct radiative forcing were calculated from the SBDART model based on the observed aerosol data. The results of quantitative relationship between the aerosol optical properties and aerosol radiative forcing efficiency were obtained with the comparative analysis of the four regions of aerosol radiative forcing. The results have important reference significance in analyzing climate models and evaluating environmental energy structure.

Atmospheric transmittance in typical regions of China was calculated. The average absolute deviation of the results of transmittance calculated with approximate foreign atmospheric model was investigated. The results showed that the average absolute deviations calculated using approximate foreign atmospheric model were larger. For example, the average absolute deviations calculated in coastal and mainland regions of China using 1976 USA atmospheric model can reach to 0.40 and 0.22. The average absolute deviations calculated in coastal and mainland regions of China using midsummer atmospheric model can reach to 0.31 and 0.29. The average absolute deviations calculated in Northwest and coastal regions of China using midwinter atmospheric model can reach to 0.1 and 0.36. These results also illustrate that the atmospheric models of China must be considered for the better estimations of the atmosphere transmittances.

Based on the MODIS cloud products data (MYD06) in Beijing region from January 2007 to December 2008, the probability distribution and seasonal variation characteristics of cirrus optical thickness, effective size and cirrus top height were analyzed. Cirrus probability of occurrence was also studied. The results show that the distribution of cirrus top height is mostly from 6 km to 12 km, the typical cirrus top height is about 9 km. The distribution of cirrus top height varies with seasons. The distribution of cirrus effective size is from 20 μm to 80 μm mostly, and the most probable cirrus effective size is from 40 μm to 50 μm. The relation between cirrus effective size and seasons is not very obvious, but cirrus effective size is definitely dependent on cirrus top height. The ice clouds in Beijing region are mostly opaque. The distribution of cirrus optical thickness is mostly from 0 to 10, and the probability of cirrus optical thickness is bigger when cirrus optical thickness is less than 5. The probability of occurrence and optical thickness of cirrus in winter is small.

Polarized radiation is strongly direction-oriented, but remote sensing information can only be obtained at several angles, simulating polarized information of different directions can improve the ability of polarization remote sensing applications. Using real data of surface measurement and polarized image the remote sensing polarization image can be simulated in different viewing directions. In order to make the simulation results more objective and accurate, the influence of the atmosphere is considered.

The technical qualification of optical remote sensors is largely affected by the opto-mechanical design scheme of focal plane assembly in these apparatuses. After some practical applications, a sensor-property-oriented design method is proposed. Firstly, the main requirements are confirmed in this method. Then opto-mechanical substructure is designed to satisfy these requirements by treating the sensor as optical, mechanical, electronic or thermal device. The whole opto-mechanical design scheme of focal plane assembly is developed on the substructure. Four different practical examples of this method are presented and their merits and drawbacks are explained, corresponding to four sensors’ properties. This method is claimed to be a more clearly design process and can work as a reference for opto-mechanical design of focal plane in other optical remote sensors.

The measurement error caused by steel slag, molten steel surface mirror effect can be avoided by molten steel temperature detection on the basis of infrared thermal imaging and colorimetric thermometry. The temperature of molten steel can be obtained by calculating the forward radiation probability of fluctuation, infrared image gray level distribution and so on, and confirming the optimal sampling area. Giving the temperature change curves of molten steel and improving data accuracy and continuity, are conducive to the realization of precision steel making.

The differential absorption spectrometer has the following technical indicators: the field of view 114°×0.5°, high spectral resolution 0.3～0.5 nm, and high spatial resolution 13 km×48 km. In order to achieve the indictors, the optical system and three-dimension mechanism are designed including elevating mechanism, swaying mechanism, and rotating mechanism. The elevating mechanism can be adjusted between ±150 mm with the resolution 0.05 mm in the vertical direction, and meets the requirement for the position adjustment of the spectrometer. The swaying mechanism can sway between ±3° with the resolution 3′. The rotating mechanism can rotate between ±62° with the resolution 5″.

A Rayleigh-Mie lidar used for detecting atmosphere temperature and aerosol is designed. The signal-to-noise ratio of the atmospheric backscattering signal was simulated numerically. Effects of the laser pulse energy, number of laser pulses, telescope aperture, resolution of the spatial distance, and narrow-band interference filter bandwidth and transmittance on the lidar signal-to-noise ratio were discussed. According to the simulation results, when the lidar runs during the daytime, the maximum detection height of aerosol is up to 10.6 km with the Mie scattering signal using a interference filter bandwidth of 1 nm. The maximum detection height of middle atmospheric temperature is up to 47.1 km with the Rayleigh scattering signal using a interference filter bandwidth of 0.2 nm.

Due to the limitation of a lidar’s field of view, the near-field signals cannot be completely received by telescopes as receiving atmospheric echo signals. This is negative for a Raman lidar which focuses its detection area on the troposphere. The geometric factor was introduced to the lidar equation and was detailed theoretically analyzed in the view of geometrical optics. For comparison, ray tracing method was also used to solve the overlap problem. They turn out a high degree of coincidence. In order to improve the efficiency of receiving near-field echo signals of a fiber-coupled Raman lidar, the effect of the optical fiber in the axial and lateral displacement was researched. In addition, the method of lateral shifted fiber and the laser axis inclination are proved the same influence in receiving the near field echo signals. The results are especially meaningful for a smaller FOV Raman lidar system.