The connotation of cultivated land use transition is deeply interpreted, and the relevant evaluation index system is constructed based on the systematic logic of rural revitalization and cultivated land use transition. This paper uses the methods of exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA) and standard deviation ellipse (SDE) to evaluate the effectiveness of cultivated land use transition in 2002, 2007, 2012 and 2017 of Huaihai Economic Zone, so as to reveal the spatial-temporal pattern and path of cultivated land use transition under the background of rural revitalization. The results indicated that: (1) The cultivated land use transition showed a spatial-temporal pattern of overall rise and regional equilibrium during the past 15 years in the study area. (2) The spatial agglomeration of cultivated land use transition is obvious, and the difference between north and south is significant. The agglomeration degree of spatial transition is gradually weakened, and the functional transition shows a trend of decreasing first, then increasing, again decreasing and fainally tends to be stable. (3) The cultivated land use transition presents a northeast-southwest pattern, with Xuzhou as the regional center of gravity, which continuously shrinks in the north-south direction and shifts in the east-west direction, resulting in a C-shaped distribution of transition spatial form; the exchange coupling of system elements gradually increases and the ascending channel has a shrinking trend, and finally forms a transition path of "dispersion-gathering-dispersion-gathering". It is suggested that the future development of the study area should focus on the coordination and integration of the internal driving forces of transformation and development, and guide the cultivated land use transition from "C-shaped" diffusion to "O-shaped" internal collection, a circle inclusive growth pattern, and constantly improve the sharing degree of multi-functional integration benefits of cultivated land, and transform the balance mechanism of geographical system into the practical efficiency of rural revitalization.