1. Schematic diagram of Li-S battery using biochar interlayer

2. Cross-sectional and longitudinal (inserts) SEM images of the of biochar saw along varying angles: 0°(a), 30° (b), 45° (c), 60° (d), and 90° (e); SEM images of wood before (insert in (f)) and after (f) delignification; TEM (g) and HRTEM(h) images of biochar oriented at 45°

3. SEM image (a), corresponding C (b) and S (c) elements distribution mappings of biochar oriented at 45°, XPS spectra of biochar oriented at 45°, survey spectrum (d), C1s (e), and S2p (f)

4. (a-c) N₂ adsorption-desorption isotherms of the untreated birch (a), lignin-free birch (b), biochar sawing along 45°(c) and pore size distribution curve (insert in (c)) of biochar sawing along 45°; Raman spectrum (d) and XRD pattern (e) of biochar oriented at 45°

5. Cyclic voltammograms of battery B (a) and battery A-45° (b) between 1.7-2.6 V at 0.1 mV/s; (c) Cycling performances of batteries A with different cutting orientation biochar interlayers and battery B with insert showing the cycling performance of battery C; (d) Charging-discharging profiles of battery A-45° at 0.05C