Fig. 1. YOLOv8n network structure

Fig. 2. Structure of SCI

Fig. 3. Specific algorithm implementation flow

Fig. 4. Schematic diagram of SPD with scale=2

Fig. 5. Conv modules in different positions of the Backbone part

Fig. 6. Schematic diagram of four features of fusion structure

Fig. 7. Calculation of MPDIOU loss function

Fig. 8. Improved EL-YOLO model

Fig. 9. Diagram of three major defect types

Fig. 10. Visual comparison of different enhancement methods

Fig. 11. Comparison of detection effect between the proposed algorithm and YOLOv8n

Fig. 12. Comparison of P, R, and PR curves between the algorithm in this paper and YOLOv8n

Fig. 13. Comparison of loss functions

Fig. 14. Comparison of thermal map effects