Fig. 1. Schematic and optical setup for realizing light field information transmission. “Obj” denotes microscopic objective (Obj₁, 20×, NA = 0.4; Obj₂ and Obj₃, 10×, NA = 0.25). L, lens (L₁ and L₂, focal length f = 150 mm; L₃, f = 100 mm). SM, a scattering medium that can be either an MMF or a ground glass. The iris is used for selecting the +1st order diffraction light for efficient phase modulation.

Fig. 2. Experimental phase retrieval results through an MMF based on the ITM method and the state-of-the-art MSO-based method. (a) Reconstruction of the 256-level grayscale OAM phase holograms with different topological values l (l = 2–7). The resolution of all holograms is 32 × 32. The corresponding PCC and SSIM for evaluating retrieved fidelity are also provided at the bottom of these figures. (b) Comparison of retrieval fidelity between the methods of ITM and MSO. Here, M = 512 × 512 and N = 32 × 32. (c) Dependence of the retrieval fidelity on the ratio (γ) between the output and input channel numbers for the ITM and MSO-based (50 realizations) methods. Typical retrieved results with different topological charges are shown in the insets of (b) and (c).

Fig. 3. SSIM of the retrieved OAM holograms (l = 4) as a function of the experimental noise factor σ. The results using the ITM method and the MSO-based method (50 averages) for different γ are shown in solid and open symbols, respectively.

Fig. 4. Near-unity fidelity retrieval of 256-level grayscale phase-encoded images of human faces and natural scene images through (a) an MMF and (b) a ground glass, respectively. The ground truths, the corresponding distributions of the output speckle, and the retrieved images are provided. The resolution of all transmitted and retrieved images is 32 × 32. These images are adapted from the CelebA dataset^[40] and the ImageNet dataset^[41], respectively.

Fig. 5. Comparison of the complex light field imaging between the ITM and state-of-the-art SSM methods through an MMF. The first and fourth rows show the ground truths of the input phase and amplitude information, respectively. The second and fifth rows provide the complex light field reconstruction results based on the ITM method. The third and sixth rows show the complex light field reconstruction results based on the SSM method without post-optimization. The averaged PCC/SSIM of the retrieval phase (amplitude) based on the ITM method is 0.99/0.62 (0.97/0.61), while the averaged PCC/SSIM of the retrieval phase (amplitude) based on the SSM method is 0.84/0.39 (0.83/0.35). The resolution of all transmitted and retrieved images is 32 × 32. These images are adapted from the Fashion-MNIST dataset^[45].