Fig. 1. Geometric relationship between the sun，satellite sensor，and the ocean surface

Fig. 2. Monthly average wind speed at heights above 10 meters over the study area in 2023

Fig. 3. MODIS images and the filtered grid：(a) MOD021KM.A2023047.2230; (b) MOD021KM. A2023091.0000.061; (c) MOD021KM.A2023182.0130.061;(d) MOD021KM.A202327 5.0100.061；(i) is the MODIS 021KM product image, and (ii) is the filtered grid)

Fig. 4. The variation in the reflectance of sun glint on the sea surface under different observational geometric conditions: (a) observation zenith angle of 10º; (b) observation zenith angle of 20º; (c) observation zenith angle of 30º; (d) observation zenith angle of 40º

Fig. 5. Reflectance at different observation zenith angles for three models: (a) observation zenith angle of 10º; (b) observation zenith angle of 20°; (c)observation zenith angle of 30º; (d) observation zenith angle of 40º

Fig. 6. Reflectance for different wind speeds according to three models: (a) Breon-Henriot model; (b) Ebuchi-Kizu model; (c) Wu model

Fig. 7. Reflectance for different wind directions according to two models: (a) Breon-Henriot model; (b) Ebuchi-Kizu model

Fig. 8. Reflectance at different refractive indices for three models

Fig. 9. Comparison of simulated top-of-atmosphere radiance temperatures from three models with MODIS observed radiance temperatures: (a) February 16, 2023, 22:30 UTC; (b) April 1, 2023, 00:00 UTC; (c) July 1, 2023, 01:30 UTC; (d) October 2, 2023, 01:00 UTC

Fig. 10. Variation in observation zenith angles and solar zenith angles for four images: (a) February 16, 2023, 22:30 UTC; (b) April 1, 2023, 00:00 UTC; (c) July 1, 2023, 01:30 UTC; (d) October 2, 2023, 01:00 UTC

Fig. 11. Variation in relative azimuth angles and wind speeds for four images: (a) February 16, 2023, 22:30 UTC; (b) April 1, 2023, 00:00 UTC; (c) July 1, 2023, 01:30 UTC; (d) October 2, 2023, 01:00 UTC