Researching | 2D noncarbon materials-based nonlinear optical devices for ultrafast photonics [Invited]

Chinese Optics Letters, Volume. 16, Issue 2, 020004(2018)

2D noncarbon materials-based nonlinear optical devices for ultrafast photonics [Invited]

Bo Guo^*

Author Affiliations

Key Laboratory of In-Fiber Integrated Optics, Ministry of Education, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China

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Fig. 1. (a) Schematic illustration of different kinds of typical 2D materials, such as graphene, h-BN, TMDs, MOFs, COFs, MXenes, LDHs, oxides, metals, and BP. Selected from Ref. [7]. (b) Summary of stability analysis and semiconducting properties of 44 different MX2 compounds. Transition metal atoms indicated by M are divided into 3d, 4d, and 5d groups. MX2 compounds shaded light gray form neither stable H (2H-MX2) nor T (1T-MX2) structure. In each box, the lower-lying structure (H or T) is the ground state. The resulting structures (T or H) can be half-metallic (+), metallic (*), or semiconducting (**) with direct or indirect band gaps. Selected from Ref. [21].

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Fig. 2. Schematic of fabrication techniques of 2D materials. Selected from Ref. [45].

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Fig. 3. Liquid exfoliation of layered crystals allows the production of suspensions of 2D nanosheets, which can be formed into a range of structures. (a) MoS2 powder. (b) WS2 dispersed in surfactant solution. (c) An exfoliated MoS2 nanosheet. (d) A hybrid material consisting of WS2 nanosheets embedded in a network of carbon nanotubes. Selected from Ref. [46].

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Fig. 4. Schematic of the Z-scan experimental setup.

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Fig. 5. Schematic of (a) optical and (b) microwave saturable absorption in TI:Bi2Te3. Selected from Ref. [49].

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Fig. 6. Various integration methods of 2D materials for fiber devices: (a) Sandwiched device; (b) in-fiber microfluidic channels; (c) photonic-crystal fibers; (d) D-shaped and (e) tapered fibers. (f) Fully integrated monolithic fiber laser. The SAs represented in this figure could be 2D materials-based SAs. Selected from Ref. [34].

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Fig. 7. Experimental setup.

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$Material characterization: (a) Transverse electromagnetic (TEM) image and (b) X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of Bi2Se3. Q-switching characteristics of an EDFL based on Bi2Se3 SA: (c) Optical spectrum and (d) the pulse duration and peak power as a function of the pump power. Selected from Ref. [200].$

Fig. 8. Material characterization: (a) Transverse electromagnetic (TEM) image and (b) X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of Bi2Se3. Q-switching characteristics of an EDFL based on Bi2Se3 SA: (c) Optical spectrum and (d) the pulse duration and peak power as a function of the pump power. Selected from Ref. [200].

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Fig. 9. Device characterization: (a) Linear absorption spectra of Bi2Te3 SA. Tunable mode-locking characteristics of an EDFL based on Bi2Te3 SA: (b) Output soliton spectrum, (c) its corresponding autocorrelation trace, (d) tunable wavelength spectra. Selected from Ref. [250].

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Fig. 10. Device characterization: (a) Scanning electron microscoped (SEM) image of the microfiber-based WS2 SA. Harmonic mode-locking characteristics of an EDFL based on WS2 SA: (b) Output optical spectrum, (c) measured pulse duration, and (d) the radio frequency (RF) spectrum in full range with a 10 kHz resolution bandwidth (RBW). Selected from Ref. [291].

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Fig. 11. Material and device characterization: (a) Atomic force microscope (AFM) image of WS2 nanosheets; (b) nonlinear transmission of WS2 SA at 1550 nm. Dissipative soliton characteristics of an EDFL based on WS2 SA: (c) Output optical spectrum, (d) its corresponding autocorrelation trace. Selected from Ref. [341].

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Fig. 12. Device characterization: (a) SEM image of the fiber connector end facet with marked fiber cladding and core with visible BP layer covering the core. Mode-locking characteristics of an EDFL at 2 μm based on BP SA: (b) Optical spectrum of the laser (red line) together with the water absorption lines taken from the high-resolution transmission (HITRAN) database (blue line). Inset: spectrum measured in wide 60 nm span. (c) Autocorrelation trace and (d) RF spectrum. Selected from Ref. [363].

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Fig. 13. Experimental setup: (a) Schematic of the mode-locked Er:ZBLAN fiber laser based on BP SAM; DM, dichroic mirror; ROC, radius of curvature. (b) Saturable absorption curve and its measurement setup. Mode-locking characteristics of an EDFL at 3 μm: (c) Autocorrelation trace; (d) the optical spectrum. Selected from Ref. [366].

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Fig. 14. Material characterization: (a) Raman spectrum of few-layer WS2 (inset: the photograph of the solution sample). Dual-wavelength soliton characteristics of an EDFL based on WS2 SA: (b) Optical spectrum, (c) the oscilloscope trace (inset: the autocorrelation trace), and (d) long-term optical spectra of dual-wavelength soliton operation. Selected from Ref. [381].

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Fig. 15. Experimnetal setup: (a) Schematic of the mode-locked solid laser based on BP SAM, M1 is an input mirror, dichroic mirror coated for high transmission at the pump wavelength and high reflection in 1020–1100 nm range. Mode-locking characteristics of an EDFL: (b) The autocorrelation trace (inset: the optical spectrum). Selected from Ref. [457].

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Fig. 16. Experimental setup: (a) Schematic image of a monolayer WS2 microdisk laser. Output characteristics: (b) Photoluminescence spectrum, the brown line is a fit to the background emission, and the green line is a fit to the WS2 cavity emission. Selected from Ref. [494].

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Fig. 17. Experimnetal setup: (a) Output testing of the Q-switched waveguide laser based on few-layer Bi2Se3 SA. Q-switching characteristics of waveguide laser: (b) The output power as a function of the pump power (inset: the optical spectrum). Selected from Ref. [506].

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Fig. 18. Material and device characterization: (a) Schematic of a graphene-Bi2Te3 heterostructure on the end-facet of the fiber connector. Mode-locking characteristics of an EDFL based on a graphene-Bi2Te3 heterostructure SA: (b) Optical spectrum, (c) autocorrelation trace, and (d) RF spectrum (inset: wideband RF spectrum). Selected from Ref. [519].

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Fig. 19. Material characterization: (a) High-resolution TEM (HRTEM) image and (b) Raman spectra of phosphorene QDs (PQDs). Mode-locking characteristics of an EDFL based on a PQDs SA: (c) Optical spectrum and (d) autocorrelation trace. Selected from Ref. [527].

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Fig. 20. Evolution of chaotic multi-pulse bunch over several cavity round-trips in a mode-locked EDFL based on the Bi2Se3 SA. Inset: Microscopy image of the TI-deposited microfiber. Selected from Ref. [563].

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Fig. 21. Material characterization: (a) The photograph of few-layer WS2; (b) the optical spectrum of the second-order form of the dual-peak–dip sidebands generated from a mode-locked EDFL based on a WS2 SA. Selected from Ref. [573].

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Fig. 22. Material characterization: (a) Microscope image and the evanescent field of microfiber-based Bi2Te3 SA observed using visible light and (b) the XRD pattern. Mode-locking characteristics of an EDFL based on a Bi2Te3 SA: (c) Pulse traces and (d) corresponding optical spectra of harmonic mode-locked vector dark pulses. Selected from Ref. [566].

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Table 1. Summary of the Nonlinear Optical Parameters of 2D Materials

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Table 1. Summary of the Nonlinear Optical Parameters of 2D Materials

2D Materials	Energy Gap (eV)	Source Laser Parameters	Nonlinear Process	Nonlinear Refractive Index ( ${cm}^{2} · W^{- 1}$ )	Third-order Nonlinear Susceptibility (esu)	References
Graphene	0	1550 nm, 10 MHz, 3.8 ps	SA	$\sim 10^{- 7}$	$1.33 \times 10^{- 10}$	[38]
${Bi}_{2} {Se}_{3}$	$\sim 0.3$	800 nm, 1 kHz, 100 fs	SA	$2.26 \times 10^{- 10}$	--	[48]
${Bi}_{2} {Te}_{3}$	$\sim 0.06$	1562 nm, 21 MHz, 1.5 ps	SA	$8.6 \times 10^{- 9}$	$10^{- 7}$	[49]
${Sb}_{2} {Te}_{3}$			SA			[53]
${MoS}_{2}$	$\sim 1.87$	488 nm, CW	SA	$(9.32 \pm 0.3) \times 10^{- 7}$	$(3 \pm 0.1) \times 10^{- 9}$	[55]
${WS}_{2}$	$\sim 1.98$	488 nm, CW	SA	$(6.09 \pm 0.14) \times 10^{- 7}$	$(5.15 \pm 0.12) \times 10^{- 9}$	[57]
${MoSe}_{2}$	$\sim 1.62$	488 nm, CW	SA	$(6.49 \pm 0.14) \times 10^{- 7}$	$(7.75 \pm 0.24) \times 10^{- 9}$	[61]
${WSe}_{2}$		488 nm, CW	SA			[65]
BP	0.3–1.5	800 nm, 1 kHz, 100 fs	SA/TPA	$(6.5 \pm 0.6) \times 10^{- 7}$	$(1.48 \pm 0.15) \times 10^{- 9}$	[66]
h-BN	3.6–7.2	800 nm, 1 kHz, 100 fs	--	$(0.68 - 12) \times 10^{- 9}$	$(1 - 17) \times 10^{- 8}$	[69]
${SiO}_{2}$	7.8	1500 nm	--	$(2.2 - 4.5) \times 10^{- 14}$	--	[48]

Table 2. Performance Summary of Q-switched Fiber Lasers Based on 2D Noncarbon Materials

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Table 2. Performance Summary of Q-switched Fiber Lasers Based on 2D Noncarbon Materials

2D Materials	Incorporation Method	Central Wavelength (nm)	Pulse Duration (μs)	Repetition Rate (kHz)	Max. Pulse Energy (nJ)	References
${Bi}_{2} {Se}_{3}$	Deposited on fiber end	1060	Shortest, 1.95	8.3–29.1	17.9	[197]
${Bi}_{2} {Se}_{3}$	Deposited on fiber end	Tunable, 1545.1–1565.1	13.4–36	4.5–12.88	13.3	[198]
${Bi}_{2} {Se}_{3}$	Deposited on fiber end	1980	4.18–18.5	8.4–26.8	313	[199]
${Bi}_{2} {Se}_{3}$	Deposited on fiber end	1530	4.9	6.2–40.1	39.8	[200]
${Bi}_{2} {Se}_{3}$	Polyvinyl alcohol film	1565	1.9–7.76	459–940	23.8	[201]
${Bi}_{2} {Se}_{3}$	Polyvinyl alcohol film	604	0.494–0.748	86.2–187.4	3.1	[202]
${Bi}_{2} {Se}_{3}$	Deposited on tapered fiber	1562.27	1.6–17.7	12.3–52.7	0.08	[203]
${Bi}_{2} {Te}_{3}$	Deposited on fiber end	Tunable, 1510.9–1589.1	13–49	2.15–12.8	1525	[204]
${Bi}_{2} {Te}_{3}$	Deposited on fiber end	1564.94	2.91	19.2	0.0042	[205]
${Bi}_{2} {Te}_{3}$	Deposited on side-polished fiber	1562.9	2.81–9.36	7.5–42.8	12.7	[206]
${Bi}_{2} {Te}_{3}$	Deposited on side-polished fiber	1559.5	4.88–8.46	8.74–21.24	3.8	[207]
${Bi}_{2} {Te}_{3}$	Polyimide film	1557.5	3.71–5.15	31.54–49.4	3.3	[208]
${Bi}_{2} {Te}_{3}$	Saturable absorber mirror	2979.9	1.37–4.83	46–81.96	3.99	[209]
${Sb}_{2} {Te}_{3}$	Saturable absorber mirror	Tunable, 1530–1570	0.4	98–338	18.07	[210]
${Sb}_{2} {Te}_{3}$	Deposited on side-polished fiber	1560	0.93–5.24	42–132	140	[211]
${MoS}_{2}$	Polyvinyl alcohol film	Tunable, 1519.6–1567.7	5–9	10.6–34.5	160	[212]
${MoS}_{2}$	Polyvinyl alcohol film	1066.5	5.8–17	6.4–28.9	32.6	[213]
		1560	5.4–23.3	6.5–27	63.2
		2030	1.76–2.5	33.6–48.1	1000
${MoS}_{2}$	Polyvinyl alcohol film	Tunable, 1030–1070	2.68–4.4	65.3–89	1.1	[214]
${MoS}_{2}$	Deposited on fiber end	1563	3.9–5.4	26.6–40.9	0.65	[215]
${MoS}_{2}$	Saturable absorber mirror	1549.83	0.66–0.76	116–131	152	[216]
${MoS}_{2}$	Deposited on fiber end	Tunable, 1550–1575	6–35	22	150	[217]
${MoS}_{2}$	Polyvinyl alcohol film	1549.91	1.66–6.11	10.6–173.1	27.2	[218]
${MoS}_{2}$	Polyvinyl alcohol film	1560.5	1.92–3.7	28.6–114.8	8.2	[219]
${MoS}_{2}$	Polyvinyl alcohol film	1560	3.2–5.1	36.8–91.7	0.029	[220]
${WS}_{2}$	Polyvinyl alcohol film	Tunable, 1027–1065	1.57–2.11	65.28–106.16	28.8	[221]
${WS}_{2}$	Polyvinyl alcohol film	1030	3.2–6.4	24.9–36.7	13.6	[222]
${WS}_{2}$	Polyvinyl alcohol film	1558	1.1–3.4	79–97	179.6	[222]
${WS}_{2}$	Polyvinyl alcohol film	1547.5	1–3.1	80–120	0.05	[223]
${WS}_{2}$	Polyvinyl alcohol film	1560	3.1–7.9	4.5–49.6	33.2	[224]
${WS}_{2}$	Polyvinyl alcohol film	635.1	0.207	232.7–512.8	0.04	[225]
${MoS}_{2}$		635.5	0.227	240.4–438.6	0.03
${MoSe}_{2}$		635.4	0.24	357.1–555.1	0.02
${WS}_{2}$	Polyvinyl alcohol film	604	0.435–1.101	67.3–127.9	6.4	[226]
${MoS}_{2}$	Polyvinyl alcohol film	602	0.602–1.955	50.8–118.4	5.5	[226]
${WS}_{2}$	Spin-coated on side-polished fiber	1567.8	0.92–2.82	82–134	19	[227]
${WS}_{2}$	Deposited on tapered fiber	1530	0.78–2.3	174–250	23.5	[228]
${WS}_{2}$	Saturable absorber mirror	1560	0.1549–1.269	29.5–367.8	68.5	[229]
${MoSe}_{2}$	Polyvinyl alcohol film	1060	2.8–4.6	60–74.9	116	[231]
		1566	4.8–7.9	26.5–35.4	825
		1924	5.5–16	14–21.8	42
${MoS}_{2}$	Polyvinyl alcohol film	1560	9.92–13.534	7.758–41.452	184.7	[232]
${MoSe}_{2}$			4.04–6.506	60.724–66.847	365.9
${WS}_{2}$			3.966–6.707	47.026–77.925	1179.4
${WSe}_{2}$			4.063–9.182	46.281–85.365	484.8
${WSe}_{2}$	Polyvinyl alcohol film	1550	0.8–1.5	92–140	29	[233]
BP	Deposited on fiber end	1562.87	10.32–39.84	6.983–15.78	94.3	[236]
BP	PMMA–BP–PMMA composites	1561.9	2.96–55	7.86–34.32	194	[237]
BP	Deposited on fiber end	1912	0.731–1.42	69.4–113	632.4	[238]
BP	Polyvinyl alcohol film	635.4	0.383–1.56	108.8–409.8	27.6	[239]
BP	Polyvinyl alcohol film	Tunable, 1563.3–1567.8	1.36–3.39	64.51–82.64	148.63	[240]
BP	Deposited on side-polished fiber	1550, tunable, 1832–1935	9.35–41	4.43–18	28.3	[241]
BP	Deposited on side-polished fiber	1550, tunable, 1832–1935	4.9–5.7	20–42	114	[241]
BP	Deposited on tapered fiber	1064.7	2–5.5	26–76	17.8	[242]
BP	Saturable absorber mirror	2411	0.189–0.4	98–176	205	[243]
BP	Saturable absorber mirror	2779	1.18–2.1	39–63	7.7	[244]

Table 3. Performance Summary of Mode-locked Fiber Lasers Based on 2D Noncarbon Materials

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Table 3. Performance Summary of Mode-locked Fiber Lasers Based on 2D Noncarbon Materials

2D Materials	Incorporation Method	Central Wavelength (nm)	Pulse Duration (ps)	Repetition Rate (MHz)	Output Power (mW)	References
${Bi}_{2} {Se}_{3}$	Saturable absorber mirror	Tunable, 1557–1565	1.57	1.21	--	[245]
${Bi}_{2} {Se}_{3}$	Polyvinyl alcohol film	1557.5	0.66	12.5	1.8	[246]
${Bi}_{2} {Se}_{3}$	Polyvinyl alcohol film	1560	0.72	8.29	--	[247]
${Bi}_{2} {Se}_{3}$	Filled into photonic crystal fiber	1554.56	0.908	20.27	0.8	[248]
${Bi}_{2} {Se}_{3}$	Deposited on fiber end	1571	0.579	12.54	0.265	[249]
${Bi}_{2} {Te}_{3}$	Saturable absorber mirror	Tunable, 1554–1564	1.21	1.21	--	[250]
${Bi}_{2} {Te}_{3}$	Deposited on tapered fiber	1558.5	2.49	Harmonic, 2.04 GHz	5.02	[251]
${Bi}_{2} {Te}_{3}$	Deposited on tapered fiber	1542.3	--	17.4	23	[252]
${Bi}_{2} {Te}_{3}$	Deposited on tapered fiber	1564.1	0.92	Harmonic, 2.95 GHz	45.3	[253]
${Bi}_{2} {Te}_{3}$	Deposited on tapered fiber	1564	1.34	232.14	5.3	[254]
${Bi}_{2} {Te}_{3}$	Deposited on side-polished fiber	1547	0.543	15.11	--	[255]
${Bi}_{2} {Te}_{3}$	Deposited on side-polished fiber	1555.9	0.63	Harmonic, 773.85	1.4	[256]
${Bi}_{2} {Te}_{3}$	Filled into photonic crystal fiber	1065.4	575.8	Harmonic, 28.73	--	[257]
${Bi}_{2} {Te}_{3}$	Filled into photonic crystal fiber	1064.47	0.96	1.11	--	[258]
${Bi}_{2} {Te}_{3}$	Drop-casted membrane	1565.9	0.448	17.76	3.6	[259]
${Bi}_{2} {Te}_{3}$	Polyvinyl alcohol film	1557	1.08	8.635	0.25	[260]
$n - {Bi}_{2} {Te}_{3}$	Deposited on fiber end	1572	0.4	--	--	[261]
$p - {Bi}_{2} {Te}_{3}$	Deposited on fiber end	1576	0.385	--	--	[261]
${Sb}_{2} {Te}_{3}$	Deposited on fiber end	1558.6	1.8	4.75	0.5	[262]
${Sb}_{2} {Te}_{3}$	Deposited on fiber end	1558.2	2.2	Harmonic, 304	4.5	[263]
${Sb}_{2} {Te}_{3}$	Deposited on side-polished fiber	1561	0.27	34.5	1	[264]
${Sb}_{2} {Te}_{3}$	Deposited on side-polished fiber	1568.8	0.195	33.07	9	[265]
${Sb}_{2} {Te}_{3}$	Deposited on side-polished fiber	1036.7	5.3	19.28	4	[266]
${MoS}_{2}$	Deposited on fiber end	1054.3	800	6.58	9.3	[279]
${MoS}_{2}$	Deposited on fiber end	1568.9	1.28	8.288	5.1	[280]
${MoS}_{2}$	Deposited on tapered fiber	1042.6	656	6.74	2.37	[281]
${MoS}_{2}$	Deposited on tapered fiber	1558	3	Harmonic, 2.5 GHz	5.39	[282]
${MoS}_{2}$	Deposited on side-polished fiber	1560	0.2	14.53	3	[283]
${MoS}_{2}$	Polyvinyl alcohol film	1569.5	0.71	12.09	1.78	[284]
${MoS}_{2}$	Polyvinyl alcohol film	1556.3	0.935	Harmonic, 463	6	[285]
${MoS}_{2}$	Polyvinyl alcohol film	Tunable, 1535–1565	0.96	12.99	--	[286]
${MoS}_{2}$	Polyvinyl alcohol film	1567.7	1.4	5.78	--	[287]
${MoS}_{2}$	Polyvinyl alcohol film	1598.94	0.83	17.1	1.26	[288]
$G / {MoS}_{2}$	Deposited on fiber end	1571.8	2.2	3.47	--	[60]
${WS}_{2}$	Polyvinyl alcohol film	1572	0.595	25.25	4	[290]
${WS}_{2}$	Deposited on tapered fiber	1558.5	0.675	19.58	0.625	[291]
${WS}_{2}$	Deposited on tapered fiber	1561	0.369	24.93	1.93	[292]
${WS}_{2}$	Deposited on tapered fiber	1565	0.332	31.11	0.43	[293]
${WS}_{2}$	Deposited on tapered fiber	1561	0.246	101.4	18	[294]
${WS}_{2} + NPE$	Deposited on tapered fiber	1540	0.067	135	--	[295]
${WS}_{2}$	Deposited on side-polished fiber	1557	1.32	8.86	110	[296]
${WS}_{2}$	Filled into side-polished fiber	1557	0.66	10.2	--	[297]
${WS}_{2}$	Filled into photonic crystal fiber	1563.8	0.808	19.57	2.64	[298]
${WS}_{2}$	Saturable absorber mirror	1560	1.04	352	5.28	[299]
${WS}_{2}$	Saturable absorber mirror	Tunable, 1530.5–1570.4	0.99	396	6	[300]
${WS}_{2}$	Large area film	1568.3	1.49	0.487	62.5	[301]
${ReS}_{2}$	Polyvinyl alcohol film	1558	1.6	5.48	0.4	[304]
${MoSe}_{2}$	Polyvinyl alcohol film	1558.25	1.45	8.028	0.4	[305]
${MoSe}_{2}$	Deposited on side-polished fiber	1557.3	0.688	Harmonic, 3.27 GHz	22.8	[306]
${SnS}_{2}$	Deposited on side-polished fiber	1031	282	3.76	--	[307]
${SnS}_{2}$	Deposited on side-polished fiber	1561	1.63	4.398	--	[307]
BP	Deposited on tapered fiber	Tunable, 1532–1570	0.94	4.69	5.6	[313]
BP	Deposited on tapered fiber	Tunable, 1545–1579	0.28	60.5	--	[314]
BP	Deposited on fiber end	1558.7	0.786	14.7	--	[315]
BP	Deposited on fiber end	1560.5	0.242	28.2	0.5	[316]
BP	Deposited on fiber end	1568.19	117.6 ns	1.643	4.43	[317]
BP	Deposited on fiber end	1562	0.635	12.5	--	[318]
BP	Polyvinyl alcohol film	1085.5	7.54	13.5	80	[319]

Table 4. Performance Summary of Dissipative Soliton Fiber Lasers Based on 2D Noncarbon Materials

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Table 4. Performance Summary of Dissipative Soliton Fiber Lasers Based on 2D Noncarbon Materials

2D Materials	Incorporation Method	Central Wavelength (nm)	Pulse Duration (ps)	Repetition Rate (MHz)	Pulse Energy (nJ)	References
${Bi}_{2} {Se}_{3}$	${Bi}_{2} {Se}_{3} - SA$ film	1031.7	47	44.6	0.756	[332]
${Bi}_{2} {Te}_{3}$	Self-assembly film	Tunable, 1548.2–1570.1	4.5	10.71	2.8	[333]
${Bi}_{2} {Te}_{3}$	Deposited on side-polished fiber	1560	Tunable, 2.7–12.8 ns	1.7	22.4	[334]
${Sb}_{2} {Te}_{3}$	Deposited on side-polished fiber	1565	0.128	22.32	44.8 pJ	[335]
${Sb}_{2} {Te}_{3}$	Deposited on side-polished fiber	1558	0.167	25.38	0.21	[336]
${Sb}_{2} {Te}_{3}$	Deposited on side-polished fiber	1065.3	5.9	19.28	0.81	[337]
${MoS}_{2}$	Deposited on side-polished fiber	1568	4.98	26.02	0.08	[338]
${MoSe}_{2}$	Polyvinyl alcohol film	1040	471	15.44	0.13	[339]
${WS}_{2}$	Polyvinyl alcohol composite	1052.45	0.713	23.26	1.29	[340]
${WS}_{2}$	Deposited on side-polished fiber	1063.6	630	5.57	13.6	[341]
${WS}_{2}$	Deposited on side-polished fiber	1565.5	21.1	8.05	2.2	[341]

Table 5. Performance Summary of Mid-infrared Mode-locked Fiber Lasers Based on 2D Noncarbon Materials

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Table 5. Performance Summary of Mid-infrared Mode-locked Fiber Lasers Based on 2D Noncarbon Materials

2D Materials	Incorporation Method	Central Wavelength (nm)	Pulse Duration (ps)	Repetition Rate (MHz)	Pulse Energy (nJ)	References
${Bi}_{2} {Te}_{3}$	Deposited on side-polished fiber	1935	0.795	27.9	0.72	[358]
${Bi}_{2} {Te}_{3}$	Deposited on side-polished fiber	1909.5	1.26	21.5	--	[359]
${MoS}_{2}$	Saturable absorber mirror	1905	843	9.67	15.5	[360]
${WS}_{2}$	Deposited on side-polished fiber	1941	1.3	34.8	0.0172	[361]
${WTe}_{2}$	Deposited on tapered fiber	1915.5	1.25	18.72	2.13	[362]
BP	Deposited on fiber end	1910	0.739	36.8	0.0407	[363]
BP	Deposited on fiber end	20	1.3	29.1	0.379	[364]
BP	Deposited on fiber end	94	1.6	290	0.231	[364]
${Bi}_{2} {Te}_{3}$	Saturable absorber mirror	2830	6	10.4	8.6	[365]
BP	Saturable absorber mirror	2783	42	24	25.5	[366]
BP	Saturable absorber mirror	2866.7	8.6	13.987	6.2	[367]
BP	Saturable absorber mirror	2970.3, Q-switched	2.41-5.8 μs	12.43-62.5 kHz	84.93 μJ	[367]
${Cu}_{2 - x} S$	Deposited on fiber end	2769, Q-switched	0.75 μs	66.4-90.7 kHz	2.36 μJ	[368]

Table 6. Performance Summary of Multiwavelength Mode-locked Fiber Lasers Based on 2D Noncarbon Materials

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Table 6. Performance Summary of Multiwavelength Mode-locked Fiber Lasers Based on 2D Noncarbon Materials

2D Materials	Incorporation Method	Central Wavelength (nm)	Pulse Duration (ps)	Repetition Rate (MHz)	Pulse Energy (nJ)	References
${Bi}_{2} {Se}_{3}$	Polyvinyl alcohol film	1567.2/1568/1568.8/1569.2	22	8.83	1.1	[376]
${Bi}_{2} {Se}_{3}$	Polyvinyl alcohol film	1561.6/1562.1	13.62–25.16 ns	3.54 Harmonic, 15	0.593–2.824	[377]
${Bi}_{2} {Se}_{3}$	Deposited on fiber end	Tunable, 1527.6–1528.4	--	8.95	--	[343]
		1529.2–1530
		1531.4–1532.2
${Bi}_{2} {Se}_{3}$	Deposited on fiber end	Tunable, 1547.6–1548.4	30	8.95	1.12	[378]
		1549.2–1550
		1551.4-1552.2
${Bi}_{2} {Te}_{3}$	Deposited on tapered fiber	1559.4	1.3	239, 47th harmonic	--	[379]
${Bi}_{2} {Te}_{3}$	Deposited on tapered fiber	1557.4	1.3	388, 76th harmonic	--	[379]
${WS}_{2}$	Deposited on tapered fiber	1558.54	0.605	8.83	1.14	[380]
${WS}_{2}$	Deposited on tapered fiber	1565.99	0.585	8.83	1.14	[380]
${WS}_{2}$	Deposited on tapered fiber	1568.55/1569	11	2.14	6.64	[381]
BP	Deposited on fiber end	1557.2/1557.7/1558.2	9.41	1.65	--	[383]
BP	Deposited on fiber end	1533/1558	--	20.8	--	[384]
BP QD	Deposited on tapered fiber	1532.02/1556.25	--	9.45	--	[385]
$G / {SnO}_{2} / PANI$	Ternary composite film	1532/1557.6	1.25	2.13	1.51	[386]

Table 7. Performance Summary of Q-switched Solid Lasers Based on 2D Noncarbon Materials

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Table 7. Performance Summary of Q-switched Solid Lasers Based on 2D Noncarbon Materials

2D Materials	Gain Medium	Central Wavelength (nm)	Pulse Duration (μs)	Repetition Rate (kHz)	Pulse Energy (μJ)	References
${Bi}_{2} {Se}_{3}$	$Nd : {GdVO}_{4}$	1063	0.666–1.3	100–547	0.0585	[413]
${Bi}_{2} {Se}_{3}$	$Nd : {Lu}_{2} O_{3}$	1077, 1081	0.7–1.8	44.3–94.7	0.8342	[414]
${Bi}_{2} {Se}_{3}$	c-cut $Nd : {YVO}_{4}$	1066.6, 1066.8	0.25–0.55	1–135	0.56	[415]
${Bi}_{2} {Se}_{3}$	$Nd : {LiYF}_{4}$	1313.04	0.433–0.628	36.5–161.3	1.23	[416]
${Bi}_{2} {Te}_{3}$	${Yb}^{3 +} : {GdAl}_{3} {({BO}_{3})}_{4}$	1043.7, 1045.3, 1046.2	0.37–2.5	30–110	0.5117	[418]
${Bi}_{2} {Te}_{3}$	Tm:LuAG	2027	0.62–1.9	30–118	18.4	[419]
${Bi}_{2} {Te}_{3} / graphene$	Tm:YAP	1980	0.238	108	1.25	[420]
${Bi}_{2} {Te}_{3} / graphene$	Er:YSGG	2796	0.243	88	1.25	[420]
${MoS}_{2}$	$Nd : {GdVO}_{4}$	1060	0.97	90–732	0.31	[78]
	Nd:YGG	1420	0.729	40–77	0.67
	Tm:Ho:YGG	2100	0.41	110–149	1.38
${MoS}_{2}$	$Nd : {YAlO}_{3}$	1079.57	0.227–0.58	32–232.5	1.11	[421]
${MoS}_{2}$	Yb:LGGG	1025.2, 1028.1	0.182	94–333	1.8	[422]
${MoS}_{2}$	Tm:CLNGG	1979	4.84–6	80–110	0.72	[423]
${MoS}_{2}$	$Tm : {GdVO}_{4}$	1902	0.8–2	25.58–48.09	2.08	[424]
${MoS}_{2}$	Er:Lu2O3	2840	0.335–1	48–121	8.5	[425]
${MoS}_{2}$	Tm, Ho:YAP	2129	0.435	55	--	[426]
${MoS}_{2} + AOM$	$Nd : {YVO}_{4}$	1064	0.00085	10	18.3	[427]
${MoS}_{2}$	Er:YAG	1645	1.138	15–46.6	23.08	[428]
${WS}_{2}$	Nd:GYSGG	1057, 1061	0.62, 0.591	35–67.35, 45–70.7	1.05	[430]
${WS}_{2}$	Tm:LuAG	2012.9	0.66–1.6	10–63	17	[431]
${WS}_{2}$	${YVO}_{4} / Nd : {YVO}_{4}$	1064	0.056–0.24	100–1030	1.6	[432]
${WS}_{2}$	Tm, Ho∶LLF	1895	4–6.8	11.29–16.89	5.21	[433]
${WS}_{2}$	$Nd : {YVO}_{4}$	1064	2.3–4.94	55–135	0.145	[434]
${WS}_{2} + EOM$	$Nd : {Lu}_{0.15} Y_{0.85} {VO}_{4}$	1064	0.467	519–731	341.5	[435]
${WSe}_{2} + EOM$	Nd: YAG	946.3	0.0495	125	2630	[436]
${ReS}_{2}$	Er:YSGG	2796	0.324–1.1	47–126	0.825	[440]
BP	$Er : {SrF}_{2}$	2790.1, 2790.9	0.702–1.5	61–77.03	2.34	[441]
BP	Tm:YAP	1969, 1979	0.181–0.72	41–81	39.5	[442]
BP	Tm:YAP	1988	1.78–4	11–19.25	7.84	[443]
BP	Yb:LuYAG	1030	1.73	63.9	0.09	[444]
	$Tm : {CaYAlO}_{4} Er : Y_{2} O_{3}$	1930	3.1	17.7	0.68
	$Tm : {CaYAlO}_{4} Er : Y_{2} O_{3}$	2720	4.47	12.6	0.48
BP	Tm:YAG	2009	2.9–9	6–11.6	3.32	[445]
BP	Cr:ZnSe	2411	0.189–0.396	98–176	0.205	[243]
BP	${Yb}^{3 +} ∶ {ScBO}_{3}$	1063.6	0.4955–1393	20–30	1.4	[446]
BP	${Ho}^{3 +}, \Pr^{3 +} : {LiLuF}_{4}$	2950	0.1943–0.58	55–158.7	2.4	[447]
BP	Yb:CYA	1046	0.62–1.2	87.7–113.6	0.3257	[448]
BP	Er:YAG	1645, ${LG}_{0, - 1}$ mode	3.2	40	2150	[449]
BP	Er:YAG	${LG}_{0, + 1}$ mode	2.9		2400	[449]
BP ${MoS}_{2} {WS}_{2}$	$Nd : {YVO}_{4}$	1064.4	0.00286	--	166	[450]
			0.00399		150
			0.0054		365
$g - C_{3} N_{4}$	$Er : {Lu}_{2} O_{3}$	2840	0.351–1.5	48–99	11.1	[452]
$g - C_{3} N_{4}$	Nd:LLF	1320.9	0.275–1.3	112–147	9.51	[453]

Table 8. Performance Summary of Mode-locked Solid/Disk Lasers Based on 2D Noncarbon Materials

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Table 8. Performance Summary of Mode-locked Solid/Disk Lasers Based on 2D Noncarbon Materials

2D Materials	Gain Medium	Central Wavelength (nm)	Pulse Duration (ps)	Repetition Rate (MHz)	Pulse Energy (nJ)	References
${WS}_{2}$	Yb:YAG	1064	0.736	86.7	3.11	[456]
${MoS}_{2}$	a-cut $\Pr^{3 +} : {GdLiF}_{4}$	522.4	46	101.4	0.1	[458]
		607.6	30	90.2	0.2
		639.2	55	104.4	0.21
		639	25	94.7	0.49
${MoS}_{2}$	$Nd : {GdTaO}_{4}$	1066	725	83	--	[459]
BP	$Nd : {YVO}_{4}$	1064.1	6.1	140	3.29	[457]
BP	Yb, Lu:CALGO	1053.4	0.272	63.3	6.48	[455]
BP	$Nd : {GdVO}_{4}$	1340.7	9.24	58.14	--	[460]
${MoS}_{2}$	Yb:YAG, disk	1031	13.1	48.6	18.3	[493]

Table 9. Performance Summary of Q-switched Waveguide Lasers Based on 2D Noncarbon Materials

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Table 9. Performance Summary of Q-switched Waveguide Lasers Based on 2D Noncarbon Materials

2D Materials	Gain Medium	Central Wavelength (nm)	Pulse Duration (ns)	Repetition Rate (MHz)	Pulse Energy (nJ)	References
${Bi}_{2} {Se}_{3}$	Nd:YAG ceramic	1064	46	2.7–4.7	31.3	[506]
${MoSe}_{2} {WSe}_{2}$	Nd:YAG crystal	1064	80	0.995–3.334	36	[507]
${MoSe}_{2} {WSe}_{2}$	Nd:YAG crystal	1064	52	0.781–2.938	19	[507]
${WSe}_{2}$	Yb:YSGG crystal	1024.8	125	0.36	21.7	[508]
${SnSe}_{2}$	Nd:YAG crystal	1064	129	0.337–2.294 (TE)	6.7-44.5	[509]
${SnSe}_{2}$	Nd:YAG crystal	1064	183	0.438–1.865 (TM)	6.5-43.1	[509]
${MoS}_{2}$	Nd:YAG crystal	1063.9	203	0.51–1.1	112	[510]
${MoS}_{2}$ BP	Nd:YAG ceramic	1064	24	3.23–6.1	25	[511]
${MoS}_{2}$ BP	Nd:YAG ceramic	1064	55	4.3–5.6	23	[511]
$G / {WS}_{2}$ hetero-structure	$Nd : {YVO}_{4}$	1064	66	3.528–7.777	33.1	[512]

Table 10. Performance Summary of Mode-locked Fiber Lasers Based on 2D Heterostructure/QD SAs

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Table 10. Performance Summary of Mode-locked Fiber Lasers Based on 2D Heterostructure/QD SAs

2D Materials	Incorporation Method	Central Wavelength (nm)	Pulse Duration (ps)	Repetition Rate (MHz)	Pulse Energy (nJ)	References
$G - {Bi}_{2} {Te}_{3}$ heterostructure	Deposited on fiber end	1568.07	0.837	17.3	0.178	[519]
$G - {Bi}_{2} {Te}_{3}$ heterostructure	Deposited on fiber end	1058.9	189.94	Harmonic, 79.13	3	[520]
$G - {Bi}_{2} {Te}_{3}$ heterostructure	Deposited on fiber end	1049.1	144.3	3.7	--	[521]
$G - {Bi}_{2} {Te}_{3}$ heterostructure	Deposited on fiber end	1565.6	1.1	6.9	--	[521]
${WS}_{2} - {MoS}_{2} - {WS}_{2}$ heterostructure	Deposited on fiber end	1562.66	0.296	36.46	--	[522]
G-BP heterostructure	Deposited on D-shaped fiber	1529.92	0.82	7.43	--	[523]
BP QD	Polymethylmethacrylate film	1567.5	1.08	15.22	--	[524]
BP QD	Polyvinylidene fluoride film	1568.5 bound soliton	0.787	15.15	--	[525]
			0.813	15.1
			0.748	15
BP QD	Deposited on fiber end	1567.6	1.07	11.01	--	[526]
P QD	Deposited on tapered fiber	1561.7	0.88	5.47	0.0247	[527]
BP QD	Deposited on tapered fiber	1562.8	0.291	10.36	--	[528]

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Bo Guo, "2D noncarbon materials-based nonlinear optical devices for ultrafast photonics [Invited]," Chin. Opt. Lett. 16, 020004 (2018)

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Paper Information

Special Issue: PHOTONICS BASED ON 2D NONCARBON MATERIALS

Received: Dec. 7, 2017

Accepted: Jan. 12, 2018

Published Online: Dec. 14, 2018

The Author Email: Bo Guo (guobo512@163.com)

DOI:10.3788/COL201816.020004

Topics

laser devices and laser physics

Lasers and Laser Optics

laser manufacturing

Instrumentation, Measurement and Metrology