Journal of Innovative Optical Health Sciences, Volume. 14, Issue 3, 2130002(2021)
Antiviral optical techniques as a possible novel approach to COVID-19 treatment
[1] [1] T. Singhal, "A review of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19)," Indian J. Pediatr. 87(4), 281–286 (2020).
[2] [2] K. B. Anand, S. Karade, S. Sen, R. Gupta, "SARSCoV- 2: Camazotz's curse," Med. J. Armed Forces India 76(2), 136–141 (2020).
[3] [3] P. C. Y. Woo et al., "Discovery of seven novel Mammalian and avian coronaviruses in the genus deltacoronavirus supports bat coronaviruses as the gene source of alphacoronavirus and betacoronavirus and avian coronaviruses as the gene source of gammacoronavirus and deltacoronavirus," J. Virol. 86(7), 3995–4008 (2012).
[4] [4] S. Su et al., "Epidemiology, genetic recombination, and pathogenesis of coronaviruses," Trends Microbiol. 24(6), 490–502 (2016).
[5] [5] J. Cui, F. Li, Z.-L. Shi, "Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses," Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 17(3), 181–192 (2019).
[6] [6] D. Benvenuto, M. Giovanetti, A. Ciccozzi, S. Spoto, S. Angeletti, M. Ciccozzi, "The 2019-new coronavirus epidemic: Evidence for virus evolution," J. Med. Virol. 92(4), 455–459 (2020).
[7] [7] C.Ma, S. Su, J.Wang, L.Wei, L. Du, S. Jiang, "From SARS-CoV to SARS-CoV-2: Safety and broadspectrum are important for coronavirus vaccine development," Microbes Infect. 22(6–7), 245–253 (2020).
[8] [8] V. M. Corman et al., "Evidence for an ancestral association of human coronavirus 229E with bats," J. Virol. 89(23), 11858–11870 (2015).
[9] [9] M. Kumar, K. Taki, R. Gahlot, A. Sharma, K. Dhangar, "A chronicle of SARS-CoV-2: Part-I — Epidemiology, diagnosis, prognosis, transmission and treatment," Sci. Tot. Environ. 734, 139278 (2020).
[10] [10] W. Tai, X. Zhang, Y. He, S. Jiang, L. Du, "Identification of SARS-CoV RBD-targeting monoclonal antibodies with cross-reactive or neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2," Antiviral Res. 179, 104820 (2020).
[11] [11] C. A. Devaux, J.-M. Rolain, D. Raoult, "ACE2 receptor polymorphism: Susceptibility to SARSCoV- 2, hypertension, multi-organ failure, and COVID-19 disease outcome," J. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect. 53(3), 425–435 (2020).
[12] [12] L. Lu et al., "Structure-based discovery of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus fusion inhibitor," Nat. Commun. 5(1), 3067 (2014).
[13] [13] L. Du, Y. He, Y. Zhou, S. Liu, B.-J. Zheng, S. Jiang, "The spike protein of SARS-CoV — A target for vaccine and therapeutic development," Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 7(3), 226–236 (2009).
[14] [14] X. Li, X. Ma, "Acute respiratory failure in COVID- 19: is it "typical" ARDS?," Crit. Care (Lond., Engl.) 24(1), 198 (2020).
[15] [15] P. Mehta, D. F. McAuley, M. Brown, E. Sanchez, R. S.Tattersall, J. J. Manson, "COVID-19:Consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression," Lancet 395(10229), 1033–1034 (2020).
[16] [16] C. S. Enwemeka, V. V. Bumah, D. S. Masson- Meyers, "Light as a potential treatment for pandemic coronavirus infections: A perspective," J. Photochem. Photobiol. B, Biol. 207, 111891 (2020).
[17] [17] M. A. Matthay, L. B. Ware, G. A. Zimmerman, "The acute respiratory distress syndrome," J. Clin. Invest. 122(8), 2731–2740 (2012).
[18] [18] B. Vellingiri et al., "COVID-19: A promising cure for the global panic," Sci. Tot. Environ. 725, 138277 (2020).
[19] [19] R. Fekrazad, "Photobiomodulation and antiviral photodynamic therapy as a possible novel approach in COVID-19 management," Photobiomodul. Photomed. Laser Surg. 38(5), 255–257 (2020).
[20] [20] X. Li, M. Geng, Y. Peng, L. Meng, S. Lu, "Molecular immune pathogenesis and diagnosis of COVID-19," J. Pharm. Anal. 10(2), 102–108 (2020).
[21] [21] J. Grein et al., Compassionate use of Remdesivir for patients with severe Covid-19," New Engl. J. Med. 382, 2327–2336 (2020).
[22] [22] E. Mahase, "Covid-19: Remdesivir is helpful but not a wonder drug, say researchers," BMJ 369, m1798 (2020).
[23] [23] A. Zumla, J. F. W. Chan, E. I. Azhar, D. S. C. Hui, K.-Y. Yuen, "Coronaviruses — Drug discovery and therapeutic options," Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 15(5), 327–347 (2016).
[24] [24] E. De Clercq, "New nucleoside analogues for the treatment of hemorrhagic fever virus infections," Chem. Asian J. 14(22), 3962–3968 (2019).
[25] [25] L. Chen et al., "Cinanserin is an inhibitor of the 3C-like proteinase of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and strongly reduces virus replication in vitro," J. Virol. 79(11), 7095–7103 (2005).
[26] [26] D.-J. Sun et al., "Diarylheptanoid: A privileged structure in drug discovery," Fitoterapia 142, 104490 (2020).
[27] [27] Y. Wu et al., "A noncompeting pair of human neutralizing antibodies block COVID-19 virus binding to its receptor ACE2," Science 368(6496), 1274–1278 (2020).
[28] [28] L.-S. Wang, Y.-R. Wang, D.-W. Ye, Q.-Q. Liu, "A review of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) based on current evidence," Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 55(6), 105948 (2020).
[29] [29] W. Li et al., "Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus," Nature 426(6965), 450–454 (2003).
[30] [30] C. Shen et al., "Treatment of 5 critically ill patients with COVID-19 with convalescent plasma," JAMA 323(16), 1582–1589 (2020).
[31] [31] L. Chen, J. Xiong, L. Bao, Y. Shi, "Convalescent plasma as a potential therapy for COVID-19," Lancet Infect. Dis. 20(4), 398–400 (2020).
[32] [32] X. Tian et al., "Potent binding of 2019 novel coronavirus spike protein by a SARS coronavirusspeci fic human monoclonal antibody," Emerg. Microbes Infect. 9(1), 382–385 (2020).
[33] [33] K. A. Pastick et al., "Hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine for treatment of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID- 19)," Open Forum Infect. Dis. 7(4), 130 (2020).
[34] [34] J. A. Al-Tawfiq, A. H. Al-Homoud, Z. A. Memish, "Remdesivir as a possible therapeutic option for the COVID-19," Travel Med. Infect. Dis. 34, 101615 (2020).
[35] [35] M. L. Holshue et al., "First case of 2019 novel coronavirus in the United States," New Engl. J. Med. 382(10), 929–936 (2020).
[36] [36] M. G. Ison, C. Wolfe, H. W. Boucher, "Emergency use authorization of Remdesivir: The need for a transparent distribution process," JAMA 323(23), 2365–2366 (2020).
[37] [37] Elsevier, "REMDESIVIR Elsevier Drug Monographs," https://covid-19.elsevier.health/en-US/ drug-monographs/remdesivir (2020).
[38] [38] H. Ledford, "Hopes rise for coronavirus drug remdesivir 2020," News, April 29, https://www. nature.com/articles/d41586-020-01295-8 (2020).
[39] [39] Y. Wang et al., "Remdesivir in adults with severe COVID-19: A randomised, double-blind, placebocontrolled, multicentre trial," Lancet 395(10236), 1569–1578 (2020).
[40] [40] H. Ledford, "Coronavirus drug Remdesivir shortens recovery, but is not a magic bullet 2020," April 30, https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/ coronavirus-drug-remdesivir-shortens-recoverybut- is-not-a-magic-bullet/ (2020).
[41] [41] J. H. Beigel et al., "Remdesivir for the treatment of Covid-19 — preliminary report," New Engl. J. Med. 383(19), 1813–1826 (2020).
[42] [42] M. Wang et al., "Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro," Cell Res. 30(3), 269–271 (2020).
[43] [43] M. R. Mehra, S. S. Desai, F. Ruschitzka, A. N. Patel, "Hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine with or without a macrolide for treatment of COVID-19: A multinational registry analysis," Lancet 395(10240), 1820 (2020).
[44] [44] C. Funck-Brentano, J.-E. Salem, "Chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19: Why might they be hazardous?," Lancet, doi: 10.1016/S0140- 6736(20)31174-0 (2020).
[45] [45] F. Shahabi et al., "Therapeutic approaches for COVID-19 based on the dynamics of interferonmediated immune responses," Preprint, 2020030206, doi: 10.20944/preprints202003.0206. v1 (2020).
[46] [46] X. Sun et al., "Cytokine storm intervention in the early stages of COVID-19 pneumonia," Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 53, 38–42 (2020).
[47] [47] D. F. Smee, R. W. Sidwell, D. Kefauver, M. Bray, J. W. Huggins, "Characterization of wild-type and cidofovir-resistant strains of camelpox, cowpox, monkeypox, and vaccinia viruses," Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 46(5), 1329–1335 (2002).
[48] [48] D. Pillay, M. Zambon, "Antiviral drug resistance," BMJ 317(7159), 660–662 (1998).
[49] [49] L. Costa, M. A. F. Faustino, M. G. P. Neves, A ^ Cunha, A Almeida, "Photodynamic inactivation of mammalian viruses and bacteriophages," Viruses 4(7), 1034–1074 (2012).
[50] [50] L. D. Dias, V. S. Bagnato, "An update on clinical photodynamic therapy for fighting respiratory tract infections: A promising tool against COVID- 19 and its co-infections," Laser Phys. Lett. 17(8), 083001 (2020).
[51] [51] L. Costa et al., "Evaluation of resistance development and viability recovery by a non-enveloped virus after repeated cycles of aPDT," Antiviral Res. 91(3), 278–282 (2011).
[52] [52] Y. Zhang et al., "New understanding of the damage of SARS-CoV-2 infection outside the respiratory system," Biomed. Pharmacother. 127, 110195 (2020).
[53] [53] L. Xu, J. Liu, M. Lu, D. Yang, X. Zheng, "Liver injury during highly pathogenic human coronavirus infections," Liver Int. 40(5), 998–1004 (2020).
[54] [54] A. Almeida, M. A. F. Faustino, M. G. Neves, "Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in the control of COVID-19," Antibiotics 9(6), 320 (2020).
[55] [55] E. Boluki et al., "Antimicrobial activity of photodynamic therapy in combination with colistin against a pan-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolated from burn patient," Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther. 18, 1–5 (2017).
[56] [56] G. Jori et al., "Photodynamic therapy in the treatment of microbial infections: Basic principles and perspective applications," Lasers Surg. Med. 38(5), 468–481 (2006).
[57] [57] M. A. Miranda, "Photosensitization by drugs," Pure Appl. Chem. 73(3), 481–486 (2001).
[58] [58] E. Boluki, M. Moradi, P. S. Azar, R. Fekrazad, M. Pourhajibagher, A. Bahador, "The effect of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy against virulence genes expression in colistin-resistance Acinetobacter baumannii," Laser Ther. 28(1), 27–33 (2019).
[59] [59] A. P. Castano, T. N. Demidova, M. R. Hamblin, "Mechanisms in photodynamic therapy: Part one — Photosensitizers, photochemistry and cellular localization," Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther. 1(4), 279–293 (2004).
[60] [60] G. Laustriat, "Molecular mechanisms of photosensitization," Biochimie 68(6), 771–778 (1986).
[61] [61] K. Svanberg, N. Bendsoe, Photodynamic therapy for human malignancies with superficial and interstitial illumination, Lasers for Medical Applications: Diagnostics, Therapy and Surgery, Woodhead Publishing Series in Electronic and Optical Materials, H. Jelinkova, Ed., pp. 760–778, Woodhead Publishing, Cambirdge (2013).
[62] [62] A. Wiehe, J. M. O'Brien, M. O. Senge, "Trends and targets in antiviral phototherapy," Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 18(11), 2565–2612 (2019).
[63] [63] A. B. Fernandes, C. J. de Lima, A. G. B. Villaverde, P. C. Pereira, H. C. Carvalho, R. A. Zangaro, "Photobiomodulation: Shining light on COVID-19," Photobiomodul. Photomed. Laser Surg. 38(7), 395–397 (2020).
[64] [64] P. J. Gwynne, M. P. Gallagher, "Light as a broadspectrum antimicrobial," Front. Microbiol. 9, 119 (2018).
[65] [65] S. L. Percival, I. Francolini, G. Donelli, "Low-level laser therapy as an antimicrobial and antibiofilm technology and its relevance to wound healing," Future Microbiol. 10(2), 255–272 (2015).
[66] [66] S. S. Tomazoni et al., "Infrared low-level laser therapy (photobiomodulation therapy) before intense progressive running test of high-level soccer players: Effects on functional, muscle damage, in- flammatory, and oxidative stress markers — A randomized controlled trial," Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 2019, 6239058 (2019).
[67] [67] P. Arany, "Phototherapy: Photobiomodulation therapy — easy to do, but difficult to get right," July 31, https://www.laserfocusworld.com/laserssources/ article/14037967/photobiomodulationtherapyeasy- to-do-but-difficult-to-get-right (2019).
[68] [68] J. Kim, J. Jang, "Inactivation of airborne viruses using vacuum ultraviolet photocatalysis for a flowthrough indoor air purifier with short irradiation time," Aerosol Sci. Technol. 52(5), 557–566 (2018).
[69] [69] Y. Deng, C. Feng, L. Tang, G. Zeng, Z. Chen, M. Zhang, Nanohybrid photocatalysts for heavy metal pollutant control, Nanohybrid and Nanoporous Materials for Aquatic Pollution Control, 1st Edition, pp. 125–153, Elsevier, Amsterdam (2019).
[70] [70] L. Tang, Y. Deng, J. Wang, J. Wang, G. Zeng (Eds.), Nanohybrid and Nanoporous Materials for Aquatic Pollution Control, Micro & Nano Technologies Series, Elsevier, Amsterdam (2018).
[71] [71] S. Ullah et al., "Broad spectrum photocatalytic system based on BiVO4 and NaYbF4: Tm3t upconversion particles for environmental remediation under UV-vis-NIR illumination," Appl. Catal. B, Environ. 243, 121–135 (2019).
[72] [72] J. G. McEvoy, Z. Zhang, "Antimicrobial and photocatalytic disinfection mechanisms in silvermodi fied photocatalysts under dark and light conditions," J. Photochem. Photobiol. C, Photochem. Rev. 19, 62–75 (2014).
[73] [73] H. Ren, P. Koshy, W.-F. Chen, S. Qi, C. C. Sorrell, "Photocatalytic materials and technologies for air purification," J. Hazard. Mater. 325, 340–366 (2017).
[74] [74] L. F. d. C. E. S. de Carvalho, M. S. Nogueira, "Optical techniques for fast screening — Towards prevention of the coronavirus COVID-19 outbreak," Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther. 30, 101765 (2020).
[75] [75] F. Faghihzadeh, N. M. Anaya, L. A. Schifman, V. Oyanedel-Craver, "Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to assess molecular-level changes in microorganisms exposed to nanoparticles," Nanotechnol. Environ. Eng. 1, 1 (2016).
[76] [76] G. Mani, Surface properties and characterization of metallic biomaterials, Surface Coating and Modi- fication of Metallic Biomaterials, C. Wen, Ed., Woodhead Publishing Series in Biomaterials, Vol. 94, pp. 61–77, Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge (2015).
[77] [77] A. E. Hills, Spectroscopy in biotechnology research and development, Encyclopedia of Spectroscopy and Spectrometry, Second Edition, pp. 2662–2667, Academic Press, New York (2010).
[78] [78] L. F. de Freitas, M. R. Hamblin, "Proposed mechanisms of photobiomodulation or low-level light therapy," IEEE J. Sel. Top. Quantum Electron. 22(3), 348–364 (2016).
[79] [79] M. P. de Oliveira Rosso et al., "Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) applied in bone reconstructive surgery using bovine bone grafts: A systematic review," Materials 12(24), 4051 (2019).
[80] [80] M. V. P. de Sousa, N. C. Pinto, E. M. Yoshimura, Transcranial photobiomodulation therapy for pain: Animal models, dosimetry, mechanisms, perspectives, Photobiomodulation in the Brain: Low-Level Laser (Light) Therapy in Neurology and Neuroscience, M. R. Hamblin, Y.-Y. Huang, Eds., pp. 275–286, Academic Press, New York (2019).
[81] [81] T. I. Karu, "Mitochondrial signaling in mammalian cells activated by red and near-IR radiation," Photochem. Photobiol. 84(5), 1091–1099 (2008).
[82] [82] M. T. Wong-Riley et al., "Photobiomodulation directly benefits primary neurons functionally inactivated by toxins role of cytochrome c oxidase," J. Biol. Chem. 280(6), 4761–4771 (2005).
[83] [83] T. I. Karu, S. Kolyakov, "Exact action spectra for cellular responses relevant to phototherapy," Photomed. Laser Ther. 23(4), 355–361 (2005).
[84] [84] D. Barolet, F. Christiaens, M. R. Hamblin, "Infrared and skin: Friend or foe," J. Photochem. Photobiol. B, Biol. 155, 78–85 (2016).
[85] [85] S. Passarella, T. Karu, "Absorption of monochromatic and narrow band radiation in the visible and near IR by both mitochondrial and non-mitochondrial photoacceptors results in photobiomodulation," J. Photochem. Photobiol. B, Biol. 140, 344–358 (2014).
[86] [86] A. C. Chen et al., "Low-level laser therapy activates NF-kB via generation of reactive oxygen species in mouse embryonic fibroblasts," PloS ONE 6(7), e22453 (2011).
[87] [87] S. George, M. Hamblin, H. Abrahamse, "Current and future trends in adipose stem cell differentiation into neuroglia," Photomed. Laser Surg. 36(5), 230–240 (2018).
[88] [88] T. Henderson, L. Morries, "Near-infrared photonic energy penetration: Can infrared phototherapy effectively reach the human brain?," Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat. 11, 2191–2208 (2015).
[89] [89] D. Kirk et al., "Photobiomodulation reduces photoreceptor death and regulates cytoprotection in early states of P23H retinal dystrophy," Proc. SPIE 8569, 85690F (2013).
[90] [90] T. I. Karu, Cellular mechanisms of low-power laser therapy, Proc. SPIE 5149, 60–66 (2003).
[91] [91] S. ?kerstr€om, M. Mousavi-Jazi, J. Klingstr€om, M. Leijon, ?. Lundkvist, A. Mirazimi, "Nitric oxide inhibits the replication cycle of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus," J. Virol. 79(3), 1966–1969 (2005).
[92] [92] M. Kobari, Y. Fukuuchi, M. Tomita, N. Tanahashi, H. Takeda, "Role of nitric oxide in regulation of cerebral microvascular tone and autoregulation of cerebral blood flow in cats," Brain Res. 667(2), 255–262 (1994).
[93] [93] L. Lim, M. R. Hamblin, "Can the Vielight X-Plus be a therapeutic intervention for COVID-19 infection?," https://www.quietmindfdn.org/uploads/2/0/4/9/ 20494094/vielight-x-plus-for-covid-study-v2.pdf (2020).
[94] [94] T. C.-Y. Liu, C.-C. Zeng, J.-L. Jiao, S.-H. Liu, The mechanism of low-intensity laser irradiation effects on virus, Proc. SPIE 5254, 150–154 (2003).
[95] [95] W. B. Grant et al., "Evidence that vitamin D supplementation could reduce risk of influenza and COVID-19 infections and deaths," Nutrients 12(4), 988 (2020).
[96] [96] P. T. Liu et al., "Toll-like receptor triggering of a vitamin D-mediated human antimicrobial response," Science 311(5768), 1770–1773 (2003).
[97] [97] C. Herr, R. Shaykhiev, R. Bals, "The role of cathelicidin and defensins in pulmonary inflammatory diseases," Expert Opin. Biol. Ther. 7(9), 1449–1461 (2007).
[98] [98] S. So, "Intravenous laser wavelength irradiation effect on interleukins: IL-1, IL-1, IL6 in diabetic rats," Laser Ther. 28(4), 267–273 (2019).
[99] [99] M. Pourhajibagher, N. Hosseini, E. Boluki, N. Chiniforush, A. Bahador, "Photoelimination potential of Chitosan nanoparticles-Indocyanine green complex against the biological activities of Acinetobacter baumannii Strains: A preliminary in vitro study in burn wound infections," J. Lasers Med. Sci. 11(2), 187–192 (2020).
[100] [100] J. Bozja, J. Sherrill, S. Michielsen, I. Stojiljkovic, "Porphyrin-based, light-activated antimicrobial materials," J. Polym. Sci. A, Polym. Chem. 41 (15), 2297–2303 (2003).
[101] [101] J. Cabral, R. Ag, "Blue light disinfection in hospital infection control: advantages, drawbacks, and pitfalls," Antibiotics (Basel) 8(2), 58 (2019).
[102] [102] P. Hyckel, P. Schleier, A. Meerbach, A. Berndt, H. Kosmehl, P. Wutzler, "The therapy of virus-associated epithelial tumors of the face and the lips in organ transplant recipients," Med. Microbiol. Immunol. 192(3), 171–176 (2003).
[103] [103] P. Soergel, M. Loning, I. Staboulidou, C. Schippert, P. Hillemanns, "Photodynamic diagnosis and therapy in gynecology," J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. Oncol. 27(4), 307–320 (2008).
[104] [104] J. Usuda et al., "Photodynamic therapy (PDT) for lung cancers," J. Thorac. Oncol. 1(5), 489–493 (2006).
[105] [105] H. Ding et al., "Photoactivation switch from type II to type I reactions by electron-rich micelles for improved photodynamic therapy of cancer cells under hypoxia," J. Control. Release 156(3), 276– 280 (2011).
[106] [106] L. Huang, Y. Xuan, Y. Koide, T. Zhiyentayev, M. Tanaka, M. R. Hamblin, "Type I and type II mechanisms of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy: An in vitro study on gram-negative and grampositive bacteria," Lasers Surg. Med. 44(6), 490– 499 (2012).
[107] [107] J. Zhang, C. Jiang, J. P. F. Longo, R. B. Azevedo, H. Zhang, L. A. Muehlmann, "An updated overview on the development of new photosensitizers for anticancer photodynamic therapy," Acta Pharmaceut. Sin. B 8(2), 137–146 (2018).
[108] [108] M. S. Baptista et al., "Type I and type II photosensitized oxidation reactions: Guidelines and mechanistic pathways," Photochem. Photobiol. 93 (4), 912–919 (2017).
[109] [109] T. J. Dougherty et al., "Photodynamic therapy," J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 90(12), 889–905 (1998).
[110] [110] A. Zborowska, "Rationale of photodynamic inactivation (PDI), sonodynamic therapy (SDT) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) in coronavirus (COVID- 19)," https://www.researchgate.net/publication/ 340698429 Rationale of Photodynamic inactivation- PDI Sonodynamic therapy SDT and Photodynamic therapy PDT in Coronavirus COVID-19 (2020).
[111] [111] F. Perrotta, M. G. Matera, M. Cazzola, A. Bianco, "Severe respiratory SARS-CoV2 infection: Does ACE2 receptor matter?," Respir. Med. 168, 105996 (2020).
[112] [112] T. J. Dougherty, S. L. Marcus, "Photodynamic therapy," Eur. J. Cancer 28(10), 1734–1742 (1992).
[113] [113] P. Kang, C. S. Foote, "Formation of transient intermediates in low-temperature photosensitized oxidation of an 8-13C-guanosine derivative," J. Am. Chem. Soc. 124(17), 4865–4873 (2002).
[114] [114] C. Sheu, C. S. Foote, "Endoperoxide formation in a guanosine derivative," J. Am. Chem. Soc. 115(22), 10446–10447 (1993).
[115] [115] C. B. Simone, II et al., "Photodynamic therapy for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer," J. Thorac. Dis. 4(1), 63–75 (2012).
[116] [116] L. D. Dias, K. C. Blanco, V. S. Bagnato, "COVID- 19: Beyond the virus — The use of photodynamic therapy for the treatment of infections in the respiratory tract," Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther. 31, 101804 (2020).
[117] [117] K. C. Blanco, N. M. Inada, F. M. Carbinatto, A. L. Giusti, V. S. Bagnato, "Treatment of recurrent pharyngotonsillitis by photodynamic therapy," Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther. 18, 138–139 (2017).
[118] [118] A. D. N. Lago, G. S. Furtado, "Resolution of herpes simplex in the nose wing region," Dent 9(6), e729–e732 (2017).
[119] [119] M. C. Geralde et al., "Pneumonia treatment by photodynamic therapy with extracorporeal illumination: an experimental model," Physiol. Rep. 5 (5), e13190 (2017).
[120] [120] M. G. Mokwena, C. A. Kruger, M.-T. Ivan, A. Heidi, "A review of nanoparticle photosensitizer drug delivery uptake systems for photodynamic treatment of lung cancer," Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther. 22, 147–154 (2018).
[121] [121] R. Sanjuan, P. Domingo-Calap, "Mechanisms of viral mutation," Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 73(23), 4433– 4448 (2016).
[122] [122] M. Pourhajibagher et al., "Modulation of virulence in Acinetobacter baumannii cells surviving photodynamic treatment with toluidine blue," Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther. 15, 202–212 (2016).
[123] [123] J. Wang, G. Du, "COVID-19 may transmit through aerosol," Ir. J. Med. Sci., doi: 10.1007/ s11845-020-02218-2 (2020).
[124] [124] J. P. Brooks, C. Gerba, Bioaerosol contamination of produce: Potential issues from an unexplored contaminant route, The Produce Contamination Problem: Causes and Solutions, Second Edition, pp. 107–121, Academic Press, New York (2014).
[125] [125] Z. Xu, Y. Wu, F. Shen, Q. Chen, M. Tan, M. Yao, "Bioaerosol science, technology, and engineering: past, present, and future," Aerosol Sci. Technol. 45(11), 1337–1349 (2011).
[126] [126] N. van Doremalen et al., "Aerosol and surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 as compared with SARSCoV- 1," New Engl. J. Med. 382(16), 1564–1567 (2020).
[127] [127] S. Asadi, N. Bouvier, A. S. Wexler, W. D. Ristenpart, "The coronavirus pandemic and aerosols: Does COVID-19 transmit via expiratory particles?," Aerosol Sci. Technol. 54(6), 635–638 (2020).
[128] [128] L. A. Wallace, "Total exposure assessment methodology (TEAM) study: Summary and analysis: Volume 1," Document No. EPA/600/6-87/002a, Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC (1987).
[129] [129] A. Vohra, D. Goswami, D. Deshpande, S. Block, "Enhanced photocatalytic disinfection of indoor air," Appl. Catal. B, Environ. 64(1–2), 57–65 (2006).
[130] [130] World Health Organization, "The right to healthy indoor air," Report on a WHO Meeting, May (2000).
[131] [131] S. C. Du?, R. H. Logie, "Processing and storage in working memory span," Q. J. Exp. Psychol. A 54 (1), 31–48 (2001).
[132] [132] J. Gamage, Z. Zhang, "Applications of photocatalytic disinfection," Int. J. Photoenergy 2010, 764870 (2010).
[133] [133] E. Boluki, M. Pourhajibagher, A. Bahador, "The combination of antimicrobial photocatalysis and antimicrobial photodynamic therapy to eradicate the extensively drug-resistant colistin resistant Acinetobacter baumannii," Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther. 31, 101816 (2020).
[134] [134] K. Balkus, Jr., Metal oxide nanotube, nanorod, and quantum dot photocatalysis, New and Future Developments in Catalysis: Catalysis by Nanoparticles, pp. 213–244, Elsevier, Amsterdam, (2013).
[135] [135] P. Ganguly, C. Byrne, A. Breen, S. C. Pillai, "Antimicrobial activity of photocatalysts: fundamentals, mechanisms, kinetics and recent advances," Appl. Catal. B, Environ. 225, 51–75 (2018).
[136] [136] H. A. Foster, I. B. Ditta, S. Varghese, A. Steele, "Photocatalytic disinfection using titanium dioxide: spectrum and mechanism of antimicrobial activity," Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 90(6), 1847–1868 (2011).
[137] [137] T. Matsunaga, R. Tomoda, T. Nakajima, H. Wake, "Photoelectrochemical sterilization of microbial cells by semiconductor powders," FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 29(1–2), 211–214 (1985).
[138] [138] Y. Li, F. Chen, R. He, Y. Wang, N. Tang, Semiconductor photocatalysis for water purification, Nanoscale Materials in Water Purification: Micro and Nano Technologies, pp. 689–705, Elsevier, Amsterdam (2019).
[139] [139] T. Daikoku et al., "Decomposition of organic chemicals in the air and inactivation of aerosolassociated influenza infectivity by photocatalysis," Aerosol Air Qual. Res. 15, 1469–1484 (2015).
[140] [140] V. Keller, N. Keller, M. J. Ledoux, M.-C. Lett, "Biological agent inactivation in a flowing air stream by photocatalysis," Chem. Commun. 2005 (23), 2918–2920 (2005).
[141] [141] M. Pelaez et al., "A review on the visible light active titanium dioxide photocatalysts for environmental applications," Appl. Catal. B, Environ. 125, 331–349 (2012).
[142] [142] R. Pawar, C. S. Lee, Heterogeneous Nanocomposite- Photocatalysis forWater Purification, Micro & Nano Technologies Series, William Andrew, Waltham (2015).
[143] [143] Y.-Y. Huang, H. Choi, Y. Kushida, B. Bhayana, Y. Wang, M. R. Hamblin, "Broad-spectrum antimicrobial effects of photocatalysis using titanium dioxide nanoparticles are strongly potentiated by addition of potassium iodide," Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 60(9), 5445–5453 (2016).
[144] [144] U. I. Gaya, A. H. Abdullah, "Heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation of organic contaminants over titanium dioxide: a review of fundamentals, progress and problems," J. Photochem. Photobiol. C, Photochem. Rev. 9(1), 1–12 (2008).
[145] [145] J. H. Martínez-Montelongo, I. E. Medina-Ramírez, Y. Romo-Lozano, J. A. Zapien, "Development of a sustainable photocatalytic process for air purification," Chemosphere 257, 127236 (2020).
[146] [146] P. Li et al., "Metal-organic frameworks with photocatalytic bactericidal activity for integrated air cleaning," Nat. Commun. 10(1), 2177 (2019).
[147] [147] R. Nakano et al., "Photocatalytic inactivation of influenza virus by titanium dioxide thin film," Photochem. Photobiol. Sci. 11(8), 1293–1298 (2012).
[148] [148] M. Liu, K. Sunada, K. Hashimoto, M. Miyauchi, "Visible-light sensitive Cu (II)–TiO 2 with sustained anti-viral activity for efficient indoor environmental remediation," J. Mater. Chem. A 3(33), 17312–17319 (2015).
[149] [149] P. Hajkova, P. Spatenka, J. Horsky, I. Horska, A. Kolouch, "Photocatalytic effect of TiO2 films on viruses and bacteria," Plasma Process. Polym. 4(S1), S397–S401 (2007).
[150] [150] D. Gerrity, H. Ryu, J. Crittenden, M. Abbaszadegan, "Photocatalytic inactivation of viruses using titanium dioxide nanoparticles and low-pressure UV light," J. Environ. Sci. Health A 43(11), 1261– 1270 (2008).
[151] [151] World Health Organization, "Risk assessment and management of exposure of health care workers in the context of COVID-19," Interim Guidance, March 19, https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/ 331496/WHO-2019-nCov-HCW risk assessment- 2020.2-eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y (2020).
[152] [152] L. Hochman, "Photobiomodulation therapy in veterinary medicine: A review," Top. Companion Anim. Med. 33(3), 83–88 (2018).
[153] [153] T. Oppenl?nder, Photochemical Purification of Water and Air: Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOPs): Principles, Reaction Mechanisms, Reactor Concepts, John Wiley & Sons, Weinheim (2007).
[154] [154] Y. Mikhak, M. M. A. Torabi, A. Fouladitajar, Refinery and petrochemical wastewater treatment, Sustainable Water and Wastewater Processing, pp. 55–91, Elsevier, Amsterdam (2019).
Get Citation
Copy Citation Text
Fereshteh Moshfegh, Farshad Khosraviani, Negar Moghaddasi, Seyedeh Fatemeh Seyed Javadi Limoodi, Ebrahim Boluki. Antiviral optical techniques as a possible novel approach to COVID-19 treatment[J]. Journal of Innovative Optical Health Sciences, 2021, 14(3): 2130002
Received: Jul. 10, 2020
Accepted: Jan. 12, 2021
Published Online: Aug. 6, 2021
The Author Email: Moshfegh Fereshteh (f.moshfegh@outlook.com)