Fig. 1. Temporal distribution of the Landsat imagery used in this study

Fig. 2. Technical flowchart of impervious surface mapping

Fig. 3. Comparison of the mapping results: before and after integrating NDVI and conducting temporal consistency check

Fig. 4. Accuracy of impervious surface mapping by year

Fig. 5. Mapping results of the impervious surface in Guangzhou downtown from 2000 to 2017

Fig. 6. Zoom-in views of typical urbanized areas

Fig. 7. Annual impervious surface area of Guangzhou downtown

Fig. 8. Comparison of our impervious surface mapping accuracy with those of Gong^[31] and Liu^[32]

Fig. 9. Comparison of our impervious surface mapping results with those of Gong^[31]and Liu^[32]