Fig. 1. The output power and operating wavelength of near-infrared and mid-infrared Raman laser source in recent years^[13-24]. (a) Raman fiber lasers; (b) Raman soliton laser source

Fig. 2. Raman spectra of fluorozirconate, fluoroindate and fluoroaluminate glasses^[32]

Fig. 3. Experimental setup of nested cavity for 2231 nm Raman laser based on fluoride glass fiber^[18]

Fig. 4. Output power of 2231 nm Raman laser versus launched pump power^[18]

Fig. 5. Spectra of tunable Raman soliton based on InF₃ glass fiber^[19]. (a) Experimental measurement results; (b) Numerical simulation results

Fig. 6. Experimental setup for generation of mid-infrared Raman soliton in fluoride fiber^[48]

Fig. 7. Spectra of Raman soliton from 2.39 to 3.17 μm. (a) Comparison between measured and computed spectral profiles; (b) Numerical simulation of the evolution of the spectrum along the 40 cm silica fiber followed by the 3.5 m ZBLAN fiber^[48]

Fig. 8. Cascaded Raman shift spectra of 8 m long As-S optical fiber^[64]

Fig. 9. Experimental setup of 3.77 μm As₂S₃-based cascaded RFL^[20]

Fig. 10. The output power of 3.77 μm Raman laser versus launched pump power for output cascaded Stokes FBG with peak refluctivity of 98%, 92%, and 80%^[20]

Fig. 11. (a) Cross section of the AsSe₂-As₂S₃ MOF^[70]; (b) Black line is the fundamental model refractive index and blue line is the calculated group velocity dispersion of the AsSe₂-As₂S₃ MOF

Fig. 12. MID-IR SSFS and DW spectra at the pump wavelength of ~2.8 μm with the average pump powers of 55, 66, 81, 98, 112, and 144 mW^[70]

Fig. 13. The calculated output spectra of the AsSe₂-As₂S₅ fiber with a core diameter ranging from 4.5 μm to 6.5 μm^[23]. (a) Use the 4.1 μm pump; (b) Use the 5.2 μm pump

Fig. 14. Raman gain coefficient profiles of TBZN glass^[79]

Fig. 15. Simulated evolution of Raman soliton during propagation in tellurate microstructure fibers^[22]

Fig. 16. Raman gain spectrum of TBY glass^[89]

Fig. 17. Group velocity dispersion curve of fluorotellurite fibers. Inset: cross-sectional scanning electron micrograph of fluorotellurite fibers^[89]

Fig. 18. Experimental results of third cascaded Raman shift based on fluorotellurtie fiber^[89]. (a) Output spectra; (b) Output power

Fig. 19. Experimental results of fifth cascaded Raman shift^[89]

Fig. 20. Experimental setup of cascaded Raman amplifier based on fluorotellurite fiber^[90]

Fig. 21. The output of cascade Raman amplifier powers and corresponding conversion efficient versus the launched pump power^[90]. (a) First-order amplifier; (b) Second-order cascaded amplifier; (c) Third-order cascaded amplifier

Fig. 22. Dependence of the spectrum from the fluorotellurite fiber on launched pump power in the amplifier^[24]

Fig. 23. Simulation results of the spectra of the output pulses when pumping at 2.8 μm^[23]

Fig. 24. Group velocity dispersion curves of LP01 modes propagating in the fulorotellurite fibers. Inset: cross-sectional scanning electron micrograph of fluorotellurite fibers^[92]

Fig. 25. Experimental results^[92]. (a) Measured spectral evolution of output signals from a 1 m long fluorotellurite fiber with the average power of the 1.98 μm femtosecond laser; (b) Simulated and measured spectra output from the fluorotellurite fiber for a same average pump power of ~1 W; (c) Simulated spectral evolution of output signals from a 1 m long fluorotellurite fiber with the average power of the 1.98 μm femtosecond laser