In the field of bone repair, the process of bone repair can be accelerated via building a natural bone regeneration microenvironment. An important part of the cellular microenvironment is the bioelectrical signal, which exists in various tissues of the body and plays a key role in regulating stem cell differentiation and tissue repair. The unique electrical properties of electroactive materials can be used to simulate a regenerative electrical microenvironment in bone defects, stimulating the body inherent repair potential and accelerating the repair of bone defects. According to the distinction of applied electrical signals, this review represented recent research work on the use of various types of electroactive materials to promote bone repair in terms of ferroelectric, piezoelectric, electret and conductive materials, providing some ideas to further enhance the therapeutic effect.