Simulation study of muon localization based on the LSTM regression algorithm

Haifeng ZHANG; Siyuan LUO; Xiangman LIU; Lie HE; Wancheng XIAO; Longxiang YIN; Ke WANG; Yuchen ZOU; Yuchen LIU; Xiaodong WANG

doi:10.11889/j.0253-3219.2025.hjs.48.230485

NUCLEAR TECHNIQUES, Volume. 48, Issue 2, 020202(2025)

Simulation study of muon localization based on the LSTM regression algorithm

Haifeng ZHANG1...2, Siyuan LUO1,2, Xiangman LIU3,4,5, Lie HE1,2, Wancheng XIAO1,2, Longxiang YIN1,2, Ke WANG1,2, Yuchen ZOU1,2, Yuchen LIU1,2, and Xiaodong WANG12,* |Show fewer author(s)

Author Affiliations

¹School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China

²Key Laboratory of Advanced Nuclear Energy Technology Design and Safety, Ministry of Education, Hengyang 421001, China

³Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China

⁴School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China

⁵School of Nuclear Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China

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Figures & Tables(14)

Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the position of SiPM coupling for square and circular detectors(a) Side-coupling of SiPM for square detector, (b) Side-coupling of SiPM for circular detector, where $θ$ represents the angle, with a degree of 45°, (c) Surface coupling of 4 SiPMs for square detector, (d) Surface coupling of 4 SiPMs for circular detector; SiPMs are placed along the dashed lines in the diagram

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Fig. 2. The photon response distribution for square and circular detectors coupled with multiple SiPMs (color online)(a) Coupling with 4 SiPMs, (b) Coupling with 6 SiPMs, (c) Coupling with 8 SiPMs

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Fig. 3. The MSE value of different number of SiPM coupled to the detector side under three artificial intelligence regression algorithm models (color online) (a) Square detector, (b) Circular detector

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Fig. 4. Muon position reconstruction results on the side of square and circular detectors, coupled with different numbers of SiPMs using the LSTM algorithm (color online) (a) Coupling with 4 SiPMs, (b) Coupling with 6 SiPMs, (c) Coupling with 8 SiPMs

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Fig. 5. Muon position reconstruction results on the surface of square and circular detectors, coupled with different numbers of SiPMs using the LSTM algorithm (color online) (a) Coupling with 4 SiPMs, (b) Coupling with 12 SiPMs

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Fig. 6. Time Landau fitting distribution of photons received by the SiPM

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Fig. 7. The muon position reconstruction performance of square and circular detectors with side-coupled SiPMs after incorporating the time feature (color online) (a) Coupling with 4 SiPMs, (b) Coupling with 6 SiPMs, (c) Coupling with 8 SiPMs

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Fig. 8. The reconstruction effect of 6 SIPMs coupled on the side of the detector constructed according to the actual size (color online) (a) Square detector with a side length of 50 cm, (b) Circular detector with a radius of 7.5 cm

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Fig. 9. Large area plastic scintillator (500 mm×500 mm) quadrangle coupled PMT detector in MWDC system test scenario

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Fig. 10. Results of the position resolution of the large area plastic scintillator detector are as follows (color online)(a) The results of the four-angle coupling PMT experiment, (b) Simulation results of six SiPMs coupled side by side

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Table 1. Scintillator material specifications

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Table 1. Scintillator material specifications

闪烁体性质 Scintillator property	参数大小 Parameter size
光产额Scintillation yield / photons ·min^-1 MeV	10 000
光输出效率 Light output efficiency / % (Anthracene)	64
光衰减长度 Light attenuation length / cm	380
最大发射波长 Wavelength of maximum emission / nm	425
衰减时间 Decay time / ns	2.1

Table 2. The position resolution of the square and circular detector sides coupled with different numbers of SiPM predicted by the LSTM algorithm within 1 σ confidence interval

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Table 2. The position resolution of the square and circular detector sides coupled with different numbers of SiPM predicted by the LSTM algorithm within 1 σ confidence interval

SiPM数量

Number of SiPM

方形探测器的位置分辨率

Positional resolution of square detector / mm

圆形探测器的位置分辨率

Positional resolution of circular detector / mm

49.24

56.93

42.41

54.88

39.28

52.04

Table 3. The position resolution of different numbers of SiPM predicted by LSTM algorithm within 1 σ confidence interval on square and circular detector surfaces

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Table 3. The position resolution of different numbers of SiPM predicted by LSTM algorithm within 1 σ confidence interval on square and circular detector surfaces

SiPM数量 Number of SiPM	方形探测器的位置分辨率 Positional resolution of square detectors / mm	圆形探测器的位置分辨率 Positional resolution of circular detectors / mm
4	26.04	45.53
6	15.96	19.23
8	10.56	11.27
12	9.57	8.30

Table 4. The position resolution of the square and circular detector sides coupled with different number of SiPM predicted by LSTM algorithm within 1σ confidence interval after adding the time feature

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Table 4. The position resolution of the square and circular detector sides coupled with different number of SiPM predicted by LSTM algorithm within 1σ confidence interval after adding the time feature

SiPM数量

Number of SiPM

方形探测器的位置分辨率

Positional resolution of square detectors / mm

圆形探测器的位置分辨率

Positional resolution of circular detectors / mm

14.07

15.27

10.42

9.47

9.77

7.93

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Haifeng ZHANG, Siyuan LUO, Xiangman LIU, Lie HE, Wancheng XIAO, Longxiang YIN, Ke WANG, Yuchen ZOU, Yuchen LIU, Xiaodong WANG. Simulation study of muon localization based on the LSTM regression algorithm[J]. NUCLEAR TECHNIQUES, 2025, 48(2): 020202

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Paper Information

Category: ACCELERATOR, RAY TECHNOLOGY AND APPLICATIONS

Received: Dec. 19, 2023

Accepted: --

Published Online: Mar. 14, 2025

The Author Email: Xiaodong WANG (WANGXiaodong)

DOI:10.11889/j.0253-3219.2025.hjs.48.230485

Topics

laser devices and laser physics

Lasers and Laser Optics

Laser physics

laser manufacturing

Instrumentation, Measurement and Metrology

Table 1. Scintillator material specifications

Table 1. Scintillator material specifications

Table 2. The position resolution of the square and circular detector sides coupled with different numbers of SiPM predicted by the LSTM algorithm within 1 σ confidence interval

Table 2. The position resolution of the square and circular detector sides coupled with different numbers of SiPM predicted by the LSTM algorithm within 1 σ confidence interval

Table 3. The position resolution of different numbers of SiPM predicted by LSTM algorithm within 1 σ confidence interval on square and circular detector surfaces

Table 3. The position resolution of different numbers of SiPM predicted by LSTM algorithm within 1 σ confidence interval on square and circular detector surfaces

Table 4. The position resolution of the square and circular detector sides coupled with different number of SiPM predicted by LSTM algorithm within 1σ confidence interval after adding the time feature

Table 4. The position resolution of the square and circular detector sides coupled with different number of SiPM predicted by LSTM algorithm within 1σ confidence interval after adding the time feature

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