Fig. 1. Salinity effects on the dynamic and steady state IFT when the DM coverage is 1.5 μmol/m² with the NPs concentration is 1.0 wt.%. 1.5 μmol/m² DM 纳米颗粒(1.0 wt.%)在不同浓度盐水中的动态表面张力

Fig. 2. Effects of the DM coverage on the dynamic and steady state IFT with 1.0 wt.% concentration in the brine of 2 M NaCl + 0.25 M CaCl₂. 不同改性纳米颗粒(1.0 wt.%) 在2 M NaCl + 0.25 M CaCl₂盐水中的动态表面张力

Fig. 3. The IFT of mixing solution of different surfactant with 1.0 wt.% NPs: (a) 1.5 μmol/m² DM NPs solutions with different concentrations of TTAB; (b) 1.5 μmol/m² DM NPs solutions with different concentrations of AOS 阴、阳离子活性剂与改性纳米颗粒复配体系表面张力　(a) 1.5 μmol/m² DM纳米颗粒溶液中加入不同浓度TTAB; (b) 1.5 μmol/m² DM纳米颗粒中加入不同浓度AOS

Fig. 4. IFT in the shrinking process versus the surface area change (in the 2 M NaCl + 0.25 M CaCl₂ brine with 1.0 wt.% concentration). 液滴平衡前后收缩过程表面张力变化曲线(2 M NaCl + 0.25 M CaCl₂, 溶液质量密度为1.0 wt.%)

Fig. 5. IFT at different A_w/A ratios during droplet shrinking for (a) and (b) NPs with difference DM coverage at the fixed concentration of 1 wt.% in 2 M NaCl+0.25 M CaCl₂ brine; for (c) and (d) 1 wt.% 1.5 μmol/m² DM NPs solutions with various salinities 不同体系液滴收缩过程中表面张力的变化, 溶液质量密度为1 wt.%　(a), (b) 不同疏水性纳米颗粒溶液, 盐含量2 M NaCl+0.25 M CaCl₂; (c), (d) 不同盐浓度溶液, 1.5 μmol/m² DM纳米颗粒

Fig. 6. IFT at different A_w/A ratios during droplet shrinking in DI water with 1.0 wt.% NPs: (a) 1.5 μmol/m² DM NPs solutions with different TTAB concentrations; (b) 1.5 μmol/m² DM NPs solutions with TTAB and AOS with same beginning IFT 质量浓度为1.0 wt.%的不同纳米颗粒-活性剂体系液滴收缩过程中表面张力的变化　(a) 1.5 μmol/m² DM纳米颗粒中加入不同浓度TTAB; (b) 1.5 μmol/m² DM纳米颗粒中加入TTAB或AOS, 表面张力初始值相近