Acta Physica Sinica, Volume. 69, Issue 14, 140503-1(2020)
Fig. 2. (a) From the nanoscale of protein molecules to the macroscopic scale of physiology, the hierarchical structure of bone has significant characters of strong toughness and impact resistance[4]; structures found on surfaces of plants and animals (b)−(e) and biomimetic, particle-based microstructures (b
Fig. 3. Structure color and photonic crystals: (a) The blue iridescence and SEM image of the 1D structure of the Morpho butterfly; (b) multi-coloured peacock feather and TEM image of transverse cross section of the 2D structure of the blue area of a wing; (c) wing of the male Sasakia Charonda butterfly and SEM image of the 3D structure of the white iridescent area[18]; (d) schematic drawings of the structures of 1D, 2D, and 3D photonic crystals[19].
Fig. 4. Artificial structure color: (a) SEM images of binary opal films formed by large 850 nm silica spheres packed in interstices[21]; (b) SEM images of binary opal films formed by small 150 nm polystyrene latex spheres packed in interstices[21]; (c) SEM image of two-dimensional colloidal crystal formed by silica microspheres; (d) wafer-scale colloidal crystal film shown in figure (c)[22].
Fig. 5. Active structure: (a) Reversible color change is shown for the leopard chameleon exposed to external stimuli (white arrow) through adjustments of micro-nano structures on skin surface; (b) TEM images of guanine nanocrystals in S-iridophores in the excited state and three-dimensional model of an FCC (face-centered cubic) lattice (shown in two orientations). Scale bar: 20 μm[23]; (c) cell membrane is a double-layer membrane structure composed of phospholipid molecules, which is highly deformable and adaptable[25]
Fig. 7. Collective motions in natural and colloidal systems: (a) Schooling of fishes; (b) flocking of birds[32]; (c) swimming bacillus subtilis bacteria[33]; (d) a roller vortex with circular restricted boundary. The blue vectors represent instantaneous speed of the rollers[49]; (e) directed collective motion of colloidal rollers. The blue arrows represent the instantaneous particle velocities[50].
Fig. 8. Dynamic self-assembly in the colloidal systems: (a) Self-assembled multi-segment snake-like structures generated by a vertical alternating magnetic field. The size of the segments is determined by the magnetic field frequency[53]; (b) living crystals assembled from a homogeneous distribution under illumination by blue light; (c) living crystals melt by thermal diffusion when light is extinguished[32]; (d) optical micrographs of staggered chains (56 V·cm–1 at 40 kHz) of Janus particles in an alternating-electric field[54]; (e) optical micrographs of concentrated staggered chains (27 V·cm–1 at 40 kHz) of Janus particles in an alternating-electric field[54].
Fig. 9. (a)−(h) Spot diagrams of vibration granular surface forms: Experiment and simulation results ( is frequency)[55].
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Yan Shi, Tian-Hui Zhang.
Received: Jan. 28, 2020
Accepted: --
Published Online: Dec. 28, 2020
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