[1] [1] CHU S, CUI Y, LIU N. The path towards sustainable energy［J］. Nature Materials, 2017, 16(1): 16-22.

[2] [2] ZHANG N, FENG X B, RAO D W, et al. Lattice oxygen activation enabled by high-valence metal sites for enhanced water oxidation［J］. Nature Communications, 2020, 11(1): 1-11.

[3] [3] LIANG J H, TAN H R, LIU M, et al. A thin-film silicon based photocathode with a hydrogen doped TiO2 protection layer for solar hydrogen evolution［J］. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2016, 4(43): 16841-16848.

[4] [4] WANG M J, SHI B, ZHANG Q X, et al. Integrated and unassisted solar water-splitting system by monolithic perovskite/silicon tandem solar cell［J］. Solar RRL, 2022, 6(2): 2100748.

[6] [6] KIM J H, HANSORA D, SHARMA P, et al. Toward practical solar hydrogen production-an artificial photosynthetic leaf-to-farm challenge［J］. Chemical Society Reviews, 2019, 48(7): 1908-1971.

[7] [7] URBAIN F, SMIRNOV V, BECKER J P, et al. Multijunction Si photocathodes with tunable photovoltages from 2.0 V to 2.8 V for light induced water splitting［J］. Energy & Environmental Science, 2016, 9(1): 145-154.

[8] [8] WHITE R T, KUMAR B, KUMARI S, et al. Simulations of non-monolithic tandem solar cell configurations for electrolytic fuel generation［J］. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2017, 5(25): 13112-13121.

[9] [9] SONG J J, WEI C, HUANG Z F, et al. A review on fundamentals for designing oxygen evolution electrocatalysts［J］. Chemical Society Reviews, 2020, 49(7): 2196-2214.

[10] [10] CHUNG D Y, LOPES P P, FARINAZZO BERGAMO DIAS MARTINS P, et al. Dynamic stability of active sites in hydr(oxy)oxides for the oxygen evolution reaction［J］. Nature Energy, 2020, 5(3): 222-230.

[11] [11] SUEN N T, HUNG S F, QUAN Q, et al. Electrocatalysis for the oxygen evolution reaction: recent development and future perspectives［J］. Chemical Society Reviews, 2017, 46(2): 337-365.

[12] [12] HOU S J, KLUGE R M, HAID R W, et al. A review on experimental identification of active sites in model bifunctional electrocatalytic systems for oxygen reduction and evolution reactions［J］. ChemElectroChem, 2021, 8(18): 3433-3456.

[13] [13] ANANTHARAJ S, EDE S R, SAKTHIKUMAR K, et al. Recent trends and perspectives in electrochemical water splitting with an emphasis on sulfide, selenide, and phosphide catalysts of Fe, Co, and Ni: a review［J］. ACS Catalysis, 2016, 6(12): 8069-8097.

[14] [14] LIU P, RODRIGUEZ J A. Catalysts for hydrogen evolution from the ［NiFe］ hydrogenase to the Ni2P(001) surface: the importance of ensemble effect［J］. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2005, 127(42): 14871-14878.

[15] [15] HU J, ZHANG C X, JIANG L, et al. Nanohybridization of MoS2 with layered double hydroxides efficiently synergizes the hydrogen evolution in alkaline media［J］. Joule, 2017, 1(2): 383-393.

[16] [16] XU J Y, LI J J, XIONG D H, et al. Trends in activity for the oxygen evolution reaction on transition metal (M=Fe, Co, Ni) phosphide pre-catalysts［J］. Chemical Science, 2018, 9(14): 3470-3476.

[17] [17] XIAO H, SHIN H, GODDARD W A Ⅲ. Synergy between Fe and Ni in the optimal performance of (Ni, Fe)OOH catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction［J］. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2018, 115(23): 5872-5877.

[19] [19] FAN J Q, CHEN Z F, SHI H J, et al. In situ grown, self-supported iron-cobalt-nickel alloy amorphous oxide nanosheets with low overpotential toward water oxidation［J］. Chemical Communications, 2016, 52(23): 4290-4293.

[20] [20] ZHANG B, ZHENG X, VOZNYY O, et al. Homogeneously dispersed, multimetal oxygen-evolving catalysts ［J］. Science, 2016, 352(6283): 333-337.

[21] [21] ZHANG B, WANG L, CAO Z, et al. High-valence metals improve oxygen evolution reaction performance by modulating 3d metal oxidation cycle energetics［J］. Nature Catalysis, 2020, 3(12): 985-992.

[22] [22] WANG K X, WANG X Y, LI Z J, et al. Designing 3 d dual transition metal electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction in alkaline electrolyte: beyond oxides［J］. Nano Energy, 2020, 77: 105162.

[23] [23] DING L, LI K, XIE Z Q, et al. Constructing ultrathin W-doped NiFe nanosheets via facile electrosynthesis as bifunctional electrocatalysts for efficient water splitting［J］. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2021, 13(17): 20070-20080.

[24] [24] LI L, CAO X J, HUO J J, et al. High valence metals engineering strategies of Fe/Co/Ni-based catalysts for boosted OER electrocatalysis［J］. Journal of Energy Chemistry, 2023, 76: 195-213.

[25] [25] KHODABAKHSHI M, CHEN S M, YE T, et al. Hierarchical highly wrinkled trimetallic NiFeCu phosphide nanosheets on nanodendrite Ni3S2/Ni foam as an efficient electrocatalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction［J］. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 2020, 12(32): 36268-36276.

[26] [26] ZHANG D D, SOO J Z, TAN H H, et al. Earth-abundant amorphous electrocatalysts for electrochemical hydrogen production: a review［J］. Advanced Energy and Sustainability Research, 2021, 2(3): 2000071.

[27] [27] ZHU J J, VASILOPOULOU M, DAVAZOGLOU D, et al. Intrinsic defects and H doping in WO3［J］. Scientific Reports, 2017, 7(1): 1-9.

[28] [28] ZHANG Q X, LI T T, LIANG J H, et al. Highly wettable and metallic NiFe-phosphate/phosphide catalyst synthesized by plasma for highly efficient oxygen evolution reaction［J］. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2018, 6(17): 7509-7516.

[29] [29] WU B, GONG S, LIN Y C, et al. A unique NiOOH@FeOOH heteroarchitecture for enhanced oxygen evolution in saline water［J］. Advanced Materials, 2022, 34(43): 2108619.

[30] [30] LUAN X Q, DU H T, KONG Y, et al. A novel FeS-NiS hybrid nanoarray: an efficient and durable electrocatalyst for alkaline water oxidation［J］. Chemical Communications, 2019, 55(51): 7335-7338.

[31] [31] FAN R L, CHENG S B, HUANG G P, et al. Unassisted solar water splitting with 9.8% efficiency and over 100 h stability based on Si solar cells and photoelectrodes catalyzed by bifunctional Ni-Mo/Ni［J］. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2019, 7(5): 2200-2209.