Fig. 1. LIF system with coaxial transceiver

Fig. 2. Geometric diagram of f_BRRDF

Fig. 3. Monte carlo photon transmission model

Fig. 4. Microstructure diagrams of water-in-oil and oil-in-water emulsions
(a): Water-in-oil; (b): Oil-in-water

Fig. 5. The relationship between fluorescence quantum yield and oil content for 405 nm laser and 500 nm fluorescence

Fig. 6. Simulation results of emulsified oil spill at different azimuths

Fig. 7. The f_BRRDFcos²θ of different water-in-oil emulsions at each zenith angle
(a), (b): Water-in-oil of Romashkino; (c), (d): Water-in-oil of Petrobaltic

Fig. 8. The f_BRRDFcos²θ of different oil-in-water emulsions at each zenith angle
(a), (b): High-concentration oil-in-water; (c), (d): Low-concentration oil-in-water

Fig. 9. Fluorescence spectra of high-concentration oil-in-water emulsion and comparison with simulation results
(a): Fluorescence spectra at different zenith angles; (b): Trend comparison